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JOANNEIRENEGABRYNOWICZ
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intergovernmentalorganization-isparticularlyinteresting.Alatersection
thatexplainsthesometimescomplexrelationshipbetweenESAandtheEU
roundsoutthisdiscussion.
Continuingtheexaminationofapplicableinternationallaw,theauthors
introducetheUnitedNations(UN)anditsrelevantbodiesthroughwhich
MemberStateshaveproducedanddebatedspacelawsincetheearly1960s.
In2005,theInternationalCommitteeforGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems
(ICG)wasestablishedspecificallytopromotevoluntarycooperation.
SpecializedUNagenciesthatcanpotentiallyprovidelegislationforimportant
usesofsatellitenavigationsystems-aviationandtelecommunications,
forexample-arealsoconsidered.Theauthorslayouttheadvantages
anddisadvantagesofpossiblesatellitenavigationmanagementstructures
rangingfromaninternationalgovernmentalorganizationtoindividual
agencymanagement.
EGNOSandGalileoareintendedtoserveasalternativestothe
UnitedStates(US)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)andtheRussian
GLONASS.Therefore,theauthorsgiveachronologicalaccountofEU
lawandpolicydevelopmentfrom1999tothepresentthatwasneededto
implementthesystems.Thisincludesanaccountofhowresponsibilityand
financingwas-andcontinuestobe-allocatedamongvariousEuropean
entities.
SpecificpracticalandlegalchallengescatalyzedbyGalileoaregiven
anextensivesectionoftheirown.TheauthorsnotethatGalileoiscurrently
inthedevelopmentstageandisexpectedtobeoperationalin2020.They
outlinesomeofthemostinterestingproblems,includingwhichEuropean
entityownsthesystem;howitisauthorized,procuredandpaidfor;the
rocketstolaunchsystemcomponents;andtheramificationsofBrexit.Of
particularinterestisaninterdisciplinaryexaminationofatomicclocksand
theiressentialroleinsatellitenavigationsystems,andissuestheyraise
regardinghowtheyareprocuredandfromwhom.Additionally,theauthors
notethatalthoughthecreatorsofGalileohighlighttheciviliannatureof
thesystem,theEuropeanParliamentmoreoftenassertsthatthecostofthe
systemcannotbejustifiedunlessitisusedfordefenceandsecurity.
Theauthorsbringtheanalysisoftheirmaintopicfullcircle.Theymove
thediscussionofEuropeannavigationsystems,perse,intoadiscussionof
importantcontextsinwhichtheywilloperate.Theyincludeorbitaldebris
andtheprotectionoftheenvironment;humanrights,particularlytherightto