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48
I.Introduction
•ArbitrationCourt,by:
-Alternativedispute(4)...
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..(resolve)(alternativetolitigation)
negotiation,(5)...
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..(arbitrate),mediation.
InlinewiththePolishlegalsystem,civilcourtsexaminecases(6)...
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(arise)undercivillaw,familyand(7)...
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..(guardian)law,labourlaw
andsocialsecuritylaworotherclassesofsuitsdefinedbystatuteascivil(8)...
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.(litigant),whilecriminalcourtshearcasesresultingfromcriminallaw.
Thereisno(9)...
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..(unify)mannertoconductcivilproceedings.Two
basictypesofproceedingsmaybedistinguished,i.e.examinationproceedings,when
thecaseisexaminedand(10)...
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..(adjudicate),andenforcementpro-
ceedingsaimingattheenforcementofjudgments,suchasenforcementofpecuniary
claims.Everynaturalandlegalpersonaswellasorganisationalunitsmayinitiatethe
civilproceedings.
Incontrast,courtproceedingsundercriminallawmaybe(11)...
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..(in-
stigate)uponamotionfiledbythepublicprosecutor,thepolice,specifiedstateauthor-
itiesandthevictim.ThereformofthePolishCodeofCriminalProceedingsin2015
madethecriminalprocessmore(12)...
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..(adversary)whichmeans
adeparturefromadominantroleofajudgeinestablishingfactsofthecasetowards
agreaterroleofpartiestotheproceedings.Theprosecutorisresponsibleforproving
thedefendant)s(13)...
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..(guilty),whereasthedefendantissupposedto
opposetheprosecutor)scharges.Underthenewlaw,withsomeexceptions,theroleof
thecourtislimitedtoassessingthe(14)...
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..(admit)ofevidencenamed
inthemotion.Otherkeychangesintroducedbythelawtakingeffectin2015included
thelimitationofthescopeanddurationof(15)...
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..(prepare)proceed-
ingsandaccelerationofthecriminalprocedure.
Exercise2.Pleadings
Categorisedifferenttypesofsomecourtdocuments(pleadings)listedbelowbyassign-
ingthemtoacompetenttypeofcourt.Somecanbeusedforbothcategories.Next,
translatetheexpressionsintoPolish.
statementofclaim,response,motiontoproceedinformapauperis,appeal,interlocutoryappeal,
appealagainstadecision,petitionforparentalrightstermination,petitionfordivorceandmainte-
nance,petitionforpaternity,complaint,billofindictment,privateindictment,motionforexpunge-
ment,motionforsuspendedsentence,motionforreleaseonparole,complaintofcriminaloffence
