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Microbialbiotechnologyinthelaboratoryandinpractce
fromvolcanicareas(soils).AclassicexampleisThermusaquaticus
-aspeciesthatproducesthermostableDNApolymerase,usedfor
thePCRreaction.Alotofenzymesobtainedwiththeuseofthis
groupofmicroorganisms(e.g.protease,lipase)areusedinindustry,
e.g.food,pharmaceuticalsanddyes.Furthermore,microorganisms
inhabitingcoldenvironments,suchasthepolarandtundrabiomes,
coldoceanwaters,glaciersorundergroundcaves(psychrophilic
microorganisms)areasourceofenzymes,commonlyusedasan
additivetowashingpowdersthatareactiveatlowtemperatures.In
turn,proteasesandlipases,obtainedfrompsychrophiles,arealso
usedinthefoodindustry,e.g.forcheeseproduction.
Anothergroupofmicroorganisms,inhabitingunusual
environments,areacidophilicmicroorganismslivinginacidic
environments.Theywereidentifiedforthefirsttimeinthewaters
createdintheprocessofminedrainage.Thisgroupofbacteria
oxidisesinorganicsulphurcompounds,playinganimportantrolein
thegeochemicalcycleofthiselement.Theyhavealsofoundpractical
useintheminingindustryfordesulphurisationofhardcoalorforthe
recoveryofraremetals,includingthoseofstrategicimportance,such
asuranium.Thediscussedgroupalsoincludeslacticacidbacteria
thathavefounduseinthefoodandpharmaceuticalindustries,e.g.
probiotics(Section4.2.2).Alkaliphiles-microorganismslivingin
alkalineenvironments-areaveryvaluablesourceofproteases
usedinthefoodindustry,aswellasintheproductionofcleaning
productsandamylasesusedinthebrewing,foodandbaking
industries.Moreover,thetreatmentofhighlysalinewastewatercan
beconsiderablyassistedbythepresenceofNO
2
andNO
3
reductases.
102020Soilasasourceofpotentialproducersofbiologically
activecompounds
Thesoilisarichandinexhaustiblesourceofmicroorganisms.There
areabout10
6
-10
8
bacterialcells,10
4
-10
6
actinomyceteconidia,
10
2
-10
4
fungalsporesin1gofarablesoil.Theyareveryimportant
inthecourseofbiogeochemicalcyclesandthemineralisationof
organicremainsofplantandanimalorigin,improvingatthesame
timethefertility(humusformation)andproductivityofsoils.Soil
microorganismsalsoafectthefunctioningofecosystemsandthe
conditionofplants.Moreover,microorganismswithproperties
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