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meGreatMigrationofSerbsandtheQuestionoftheSerbianEthnicandReligiousCommunity…
werealsoconductingraidsintoSyrmia.TeOttomanarmyarrivedattheoutskirts
ofBelgradeon1October16903.
On6April1690,duringthemovementoftheSerbianrefugeestowardsBel-
grade,whichwasstillunderHabsburgrule,theRoman-Germanemperorandat
thattimealreadycrownedKingofHungaryLeopoldIissuedLiteraeinvitatoriae
-acalltoBalkanChristiansandcountriestoriseupagainstOttomanrule.Despite
thedefeatsoflate1689andearly1690followedbythewithdrawaloftheHabsburg
armyfromSkopjeandKosovoandMetohija,Viennabelievedthatanewuprising
-orresumptionoftheuprising-inSerbia,AlbaniaandBulgariawasstillpossi-
ble.Forthatreason,therulerurgedthepeoplenottoemigrate,nottoleavetheir
settlements,buttocontinuetofightandineverywayhelptheimperialgenerals
whowouldsoonappearonthebattlefieldwithalargearmy.Inreturn,theemperor
grantedthemfreedomsandrights,includingthefreedomofreligion,therightto
electdukes(tribalandwarelders-vojvode)andthereleasefrompublicburdens
andtaxes.Inseveralplacesinthetext,hepointedoutthathewasactingasthe
Hungarianking,thathewasaddressingthepeopleswhowerelegallysubordinat-
edtohimandwhowouldvoluntarilyreturntohislegitimaterule4.Intheappeal,
amonghistitles,LeopoldImentionedthetitleofKingofSerbia-ServiaeRex5.On
thesameday,LeopoldIsentalettertoPatriarchArsenijeIII,urginghimtocon-
tinuetoencouragethefightagainstOttomansandcooperationwiththeChristian
liberatorsusingthehighesteemhewasheldinbythepeople6.
PatriarchArsenijeIIIhadalreadyarrivedinBelgradewhenhereceivedthe
LiteraeinvitatoriaeandtheletterinthemiddleofJune.Atthattime,therewere
3FormoredetailsaboutthecampaignofMustafaPashaKöprülü,see:T.KATIĆ,Turskoosva-
janjeSrbijeł,p.34-101.
4J.РАIОHИB,М.КОСТИB,Српскепривилегиjеод1690до1792,Београд1954,p.35-37,89-90;
I.IАВИIОВ,Српскепривилегиjецарскогдомахабзбуршког,HовиСад-Београд1994,p.93.Te
basisforLeopoldI)sLiteraeinvitatoriaewasthememorialregardingAlbaniawrittenbyCountLuigi
FernandoMarsili,anItalianmilitaryengineerandscientistemployedbytheHabsburgs.Intheme-
morial,hesuggestedtotheemperortogranttheprivilegestoSerbsandKelmendiwhohadjoinedthe
fightagainstOttomans.Cf.М.КОСТИB,ОпостанкуизначеIутзв.„Инвитаториjе“Леополда
Iбалканскимнародимаод6.априла1690,“Историjскичасопис”2,1949-1950,p.144-158.
5TerulersoftheHabsburgdynasty,withtheHungariancrownandtheHungarianroyaltitle,
tookoverthetitleofServiaeRex,whichtheymentionedintheirimperialtitlewhennecessary.By
theway,SerbiawasmentionedintheHungarianroyaltitleforthefirsttimeattheendof1202or
thebeginningof1203,afertheinterventionoftheHungariankingEmericintheconflictbetween
StefanandVukanNemanjic.Cf.T.Smićiklas,DiplomatičkizbornikKraljevineHrvatske,Dalmacije
iSlavonije,vol.III,Zagreb1905,p.19.
6J.РАIОHИB,М.КОСТИB,Српскепривилегиjе…,p.19,90-91;I.IАВИIОВ,Српскепривиле-
гиjе…,p.92.
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