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ralfeaturessuchasperianthmerosityorperianthfusioncanbetested.Not
onlymightmorphologycontributetothephylogeneticclassification,itises-
sentialfortestinghypothesesonthediversificationofMoraceae(Clement
&Weiblen,2009).
ResultsofClementandWeiblen(2009)suggestamajorreorganization
offloralmorphologyalongthelineageleadingtoDorstenieae,Ficeae,and
Castilleae.Thetwomostspecies-richgeneraofMoraceae,FicusandDor-
stenia,occurinthislineage.Theoriginofthesethreetribesismarkedby
shiftsfromunisexualtobisexualinflorescences,dioecioustomonoecious
breedingsystems,areductioninbasechromosomenumberfrom14-13,the
presenceofconicalpistillodes,andthepresenceofradiallatextubes.Allex-
ceptthelastofthesestateswerereversedorlostinCastilleae.However,
noneofthesechangesisassociatedwiththeshifttoinsectpollinationthat
precededthediversificationofCastilleaeandFiceae.Thissequenceofchar-
acterchangeclarifiesthemorphologicalfeaturesthathadevolvedpriorto
thediversificationoffigsandCastilleaeandtheirhighlyspecializedpollina-
tionsyndromes(Clement&Weiblen,2009).
ThegenusFicus(Moraceae)includessome750speciesoffreestanding
trees,hemi-epiphytesandshrubsoccurringinmosttropicalandsubtropical
foreststhroughouttheworld(Berg,1989).Thesespeciesoftrees,shrubs,
climbers,andhemiepiphyticstranglersarerecognizedbyaspecializedinflo-
rescenceandpollinationsyndrome(Janzen,1979;Berg,1990b).Thegenus
Ficusconsistswithamonoeciousspecieswithmale,gall(sterilefemale),and
femaleflowersineachfigordioeciouswitheithermaleandgallflowersor
onlyfemaleflowersineachfig.Stipulesareoftenconnate,lateralto
amplexicaulandenclosingterminalleafbud,caducousorpersistent,scar
ringlike.Leavesareusuallyalternate,rarelyoppositeorverticillate.Leaf
bladeissimpletolobed,rarelypalmate,glabrousorhairy,abaxiallyusually
withwaxyspots(waxglands)atbaseofleafbladeorinaxilofsecondary
veins,withorwithoutpapillalikecystoliths,marginentireortoothed;veins
pinnatetopalmate(Zhou&Gilbert,2003).
Inflorescencesareaxillaryoronspecializedcauliflorousbranches,afig
(syconium)withmanyminuteflowersinsertedoninnerwallofhollowre-
ceptaclecommunicatingwithoutsidethroughanapicalporeorapicalpore
closedbyscale-likebracts,sessileorpedunculate.Bracthaveusually
3involucralatbaseoffig.Lateralbractssometimespresentonsideoffig,
scale-like,caducousorpersistent.Maleflowershavecalyxlobes2-6;stamens
1-3(rarelymore),straightinbud;pistillodepresentorabsent.Gallflowers
aresimilartofemaleflowersbutneverproducingseedsandusuallyoccu-
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