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LECTURE
1
Structure,Function,System,andStrata
Thetopicoftheselectures,nominalstructure,receiveslessattentionthan
mightbeexpectedgivenitscentralitytogrammar.Onecanhardlyques-
tiontheneedforanaccuratedescriptionbasedonaprincipledtheoretical
framework.Hopefullythesepresentationsrepresentsomeprogressinthat
direction.I’llbetalkingaboutnominalstructuremainlyduringthelastthree
lectures.Tisisafoundationforit.
A.StructureandFunction
Tenotionsaddressedinthisfirstlecture–notionslikefunction,system,and
privativeoppositions–shouldbequitefamiliartoaEuropeanaudience.I’m
goingtooutlineaunifiedviewasanintegralpartoftheCognitiveGrammar
frameworkasitisdevelopingthesedays.Teseareideaswhichhavealways
beenthereintheframework,butarenowcomingintotheforegroundand
beingsystematizedasItrytoworkthingsout.
CognitiveGrammar(CG)takesseriouslyapointmaderecentlybyPeter
Harder(2010):languageneedstobedescribednotonlyinbottom-upfashion,
regardingthecompositionofsuccessivelylargerstructures,butalsointop-
downfashion,intermsofhoweachstructurefunctionsaspartofalarger
whole.Ofcoursestructure(orform)vs.functionisageneralandfundamental
issue.Ithasoftenbeenobservedthatanobject’sformletsitserveacertain
function,anditsfunctiondetermineswhatitsformis.Butwhatexactlyis
meantbytermslikestructureandfunction?Inthecaseofphysicalobjects,
e.g.ahammer,thestructure/functiondistinctioninvolvestwofactorsthat
