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K.JajugaandT.Jajugathinkthatuncertaintyisanormalfeatureoftherealityaround
us,thatitresultsfromlargecomplexityandvolatilityofentities,fromtheinterrelations
betweenthemandintheirenvironment,aswellasfromthelimitedpossibilityofpeopleto
controlthefactorsshapingthereality
27.
Riskcanbedifferentlydefineddependingonthedecision-makingsituation,aswellas,
asG.Borysclaims,onthewayitisanalysed:
Inthedecision-makingtheory,riskisseenastheuncertaintyofthefutureinterms
ofthecauses,
Inthemanagementtheoryriskmeansthepossibilityoffailuretoachieveanaim,
Inthetheoryofscientificresearchanddevelopment,riskistreatedasgambling
whichreflectsscientificuncertaintyandtheeffectofdelayintheappearanceofthe
effectsofactions
28.
AccordingtoM.Górski,riskisanobjectivemeasurementofthesubjectivestateof
uncertainty(measurable),andthetermofriskisusedwhen:
a)theresulttobeachievedinthefutureisnotknown,itisonlypossibletoidentify
futuresituations,
b)theprobabilityofspecificsituationstooccurinthefutureisknown
29.
Someauthorswritethatitisimpossibletoclearlydefinerisk.Itisbesttopresentitas
asetoffeaturesdescribingit
30.
Asbanksarepublictrustinstitutionsand,withtheassumedaimoftheiroperationsto
maximisetheprofitsgained,theymusttakeintoaccountnotonlytheriskinvolvedintypical
businessesbut,firstofall,thespecifictypesofriskinbanking.Thesespecifictypesofriskin
abankare:
1)creditrisk,
2)operationalrisk,
3)marketrisk,
4)liquidityrisk,
5)interestraterisk,
6)foreignexchangerisk,
7)financialleveragerisk,
8)defaultrisk,
9)politicalrisk.
Creditriskisdefinedastheriskoffinanciallossstemmingfromthecustomer's
failuretorepaytheobligations.Takingcreditriskisthebasicandtraditionalwayofmaking
moneybybanks.Intheeventwhentheborrowerfailstomeettheprovisionsofthecredit
agreement,bythelackofregularrepaymentsorthetotalrepaymentdefault,thecurrentvalue
oftherelatedassetsisfalling.Suchlosswillhavetobecoveredbythebank'sowncapital,
andinextremecircumstances,mayleadtoitsinsolvency.Creditriskandtheperceived
incomegrowwhenthereareseveralorplentyofriskycreditsintheportfolio.Therefore
bankstrytomaintainassetsofdifferentrisklevels,consideringtherelationbetweenriskand
rateofreturn
31.
27
K.Jajuga,T.Jajuga,Inwestycje,instrumentyfinansowe,ryzykofinansowe,inżynieriafinansowa,PWN
Warszawa1998,p.98
28
G.Borys,Ryzykoekologicznewdziałalnościbanku,BibliotekaMenadżeraiBankowca,Warszawa2000,p.
45
29
M.Górski,Rynkowysystemfinansowy,PWE,Warszawa2009,p.217
30
P.Jedynak,S.Szydło,Zarządzanieryzykiem,WydawnictwoOssolineum,Wrocław1997,p.14
31
W.Żółtkowski,Zarządzanieryzykiembankowymwpraktyce,CeDeWu,Warszawa2009,p.24-25.
14