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Diagram1.1.Basicrisksinbanks
FINANCIAL
RISK
LIQUIDITY
RISK
POLITICAL
RISK
CREDIT
RISK
MARKET
RISK
DEFAULT
RISK
OPERATIONAL
RISK
Source:PreparedbytheAuthor.
Liquidityriskmeansthefailuretoadjustassetsandliabilitiestodefinedmaturity
dates,whichisconnectedwiththeinabilitytorepay.Inextremesituationitleadstothe
impossibilitybythebanktomeetitsobligations.Sothistermmeansthelackofpossibilityto
paytheobligationsontheirmaturitydates.Thelackofliquidassetsmayleadtotheshortage
offundstofinancebankoperationsontheretailandcorporatemarket.
Liquidityriskiscloselyconnectedwiththeliquidityofassetsi.e.theeasewithwhich
theycanbeexchangedintocash.Bankslimitliquidityriskbyinvestinginshort-termassets
tryingtodecreaseitsreturnaslittleaspossible
32.
Marketriskisconnectedwiththechangeinthebankassetpricingcausedbythe
changeofpricesinthemarket.Marketriskbornebybanksreferstotheirtradeportfolioi.e.
assetsacquiredwiththeaimofsellingthem.Thebankbearsthemarketriskof:
equity,
foreigncurrency,
debtsecurities(e.g.bonds),
commodity(e.g.wheat,coffee,cocoa),
debtderivativeinstruments(optionsandfuturesondebtinstruments,foreign
exchangeforwards,foreignexchangeswapsandinterestrateswaps),
stockderivatives(equityswaps,indexoptionsandfutures,futuresoptions,
warrants)
33.
Defaultrisktakesplacewhenoneofthepartiesofthetransactionmakesapayment
beforereceivingthecashorassetsdueandisexposedtotheriskofpotentialloss.Thespecific
termdefiningthetypeofriskistheHerstattrisk,namedafterthenameofaGermanbankwhich
in1974declaredbankruptcyduetoaforeignexchangeloss.Thereasonforthebanklosswas
32
MatkowskiP.,Zarządzanieryzykiemoperacyjnym,WoltersKluwer,Kraków2006,p.23-26.
33
W.Żółtkowski,Zarządzanieryzykiem...op.cit.,p.25.
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