Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
-nearspace-extendingbetweenapprox.65and150kmaboveEarth;
94%ofauroraoccursinthislayer1;
-nearouterspace-coveringthedistanceof150to1000kmfromEarth.
Thecharacteristicfeaturesofthislayerarethepossibleauroraoccurrence
andasuddensurgeintemperaturefrom150Cinexcessto13600C(anincrease
byapprox.1.50C/km).Theupperlimitofthenearouterspaceisthephysical
boundaryoftheatmosphere;
-outerspace-extendsfromthealtitudeof1000to930thousandkm.
Accordingtotheverticaltemperatureprofile,i.e.changesintemperature
withheight,5sphereshavebeenidentified:
-troposphere-beginningfromthegroundlevelandextendingtoan
averageof13km(abovepolesbetween6and10km,atlatitude450from10to
12km,whereasontheequatorupto16to18km),itcontainsapprox.70-75%
oftheatmosphere)smassandishometosuchatmosphericphenomenaasfog,
storms,atmosphericdischargeandairmassfow(winds).Nearlyallwatervapour
isconcentratedinthetroposphere,whichisadditionallycharacterisedbynon-
uniformatmosphericpressureandtemperaturedistribution.Theverticalthermal
gradient2exhibitsherelinearvariability,beingequalto6.50C/km;
-stratosphere-stretchesfrom13to40kmandcontains20%ofthe
atmosphere)smass.Thispartoftheatmosphereischaracteristicallydryand
clear,withlowwatervapourcontent,whichisbeneficialfromtheviewpoint
ofaircraftfight.Theatmospherictemperatureisrelativelyconstantand
amountsto-56.50C.Fromapprox.halftheheightofthestratosphere+/-30km,
owingtotemperatureinversion,thetemperaturerisestoreach00Ctowards
thestratopause;
-mesosphere-locatedattheheightof40-80km,itischaracterisedby
asteadydeclineintemperatureby3-40C/kmwithanincreaseinaltitude.In
itsupperlimit,therecordedtemperaturesrangebetween90and1000C.The
mesospherecontainsover0.2oftheEarth)satmospherebymass;
-thermosphere-stretchedbetween80and800km,itcontains0.05of
theentiremassoftheatmosphericair.Thereisacharacteristicrapidchange
(increase)inVTGwithincreasingheight,whichstemsfromtheabsorptionof
ultravioletradiationbyambientnitrogenandoxygen;
1
AuroraBorealis/Australis-anaturallightformationoccurringwhenchargedsolar
particlesentertheatmosphere.ItisseeninthePolarRegionsintheHighNorth,although
itcanbealsoobservedintheAntarcticandsub-Antarcticregions(JóhannessonandLund
2017,p.183).
2
Verticalthermalgradient(VTG)isaparameterdescribingtheatmospheretemperature
lapserateatverticalascendat1-msteps.
16
