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Withinthereferencerangeofthestandardatmosphere,theairpressure
decreasesparabolicallywithelevationfromEarth)ssurface(1013.25hPa)
totheheightofapprox.30km,atwhichaltitudeitsvalueapproacheszero.
Relativetopressurevariations,thecharacteristicsoftheatmosphericdensity
haveananalogousdistribution-aparabolicdeclinetotheheightofapprox.
30km,whereitreacheszero.Accordingtothestandardatmosphere,itis
assumedthatinthetropospherethetemperaturedecreaseslinearlyby0.650C
at100-mstepsinelevation.
1.1.2.PlanetarySystem
OneofthemodelsdescribingtheoriginsoftheUniverse-i.e.allthephysical
domainincludingspace,time,energyandmatter-assumesthatithasbeen
createdasaresultoftheBigBang.TheBigBangisunderstoodtohave
stemmedfromthecontinuingdensificationofthemolecular(interstellar)
cloud,accompaniedbyasurgeintemperature,whichisestimatedtohave
occurred13.77billionyearsago-Figure2.
Figure2.StagesoftheUniverseformation
Withinthefirst10-32softheBigBang,cosmicinfationoccurredmarking
theearlystageofdarkmatter6(DM)emergence.380thousandyearsago,the
recombinationprocessaccompaniedbyrisingionisationledtothecreationof
thefirstastronomicalobjectsandstructures(approx.0.5%ofthestructures7)
constantlyshapingtothepresenttimes(Howdidouruniversebegin?2019).
6
Darkmatterisconsideredinhypotheticaltermsasacreationthatcannotemitorrefect
electromagneticradiation.Itsexistenceisbeingconfirmedbyanomaliesobservedingalaxy
displacement(Kroupaandothers2010).
7
Othersinclude:darkenergy,ahypotheticalformofenergythatfillsspaceand,
byapplyingnegativepressure,expandstheuniverse.Thisconceptwasdefinedasan
20
