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PARTONE.Generalpartofcriminallaw
suchacasecantheadministrationofjusticetakeplace.Onlysuchanap-
proachiscompatiblewiththeprincipleofjudicialindependence.
Teneedtodefinepunishmentinthelawisintendedtoprotectthe
citizensfromarbitrarinessinpunishment.Inaddition,onlyaprecise,
clearformulationofthepunishmentcanhaveapreventiveandeduca-
tionalefect.
§3Principleofnullumcrimensineculpa
Polishcriminallawisbasedontheprinciplethatthereisnocrimewithout
guilt.TisprincipleisanchoredinthePolishConstitutioninArticle30,
whichprovidesfortheprotectionofhumandignity,andinArticle42(3),
whichstipulatesthateveryoneispresumedinnocentuntiltheirguiltis
establishedbyafinalcourtjudgement.InthePolishlegalorder,asarule,
thereisnoplaceforobjectiveresponsibility,independentofthepossibility
ofattributingguilt.
TeCriminalCodeof1997usestheconceptofguilt.Intheprovision
ofArticle1§3oftheCriminalCode,itisstipulatedthatthereisnocrime
ifguiltcannotbeattributedtotheperpetratoratthetimeoftheact.In
contrast,Article53§1oftheCriminalCodeof1997stipulatesthatthe
severityofthepunishmentmustnotexceedthedegreeofguilt.However,
thelegislatorhasnotdefinedthisconcept.Guiltisdefinedinthedoctrine
ofcriminallaw.3Currently,apurelynormativeapproachtothenotionof
guiltprevails,accordingtowhichitisanegativeassessmentofthebehav-
iourcommittedbytheperpetrator.Inotherwords,guiltisanaccusation
madeagainstapersonbecausetheyhavecommittedacriminalact.
Inorderforguilttobeattributed,certainconditionsmustbemet.First,
theofencemustbecommittedbyapersonwhohas—asageneralrule—
3Onthetheoriesofguiltformulatedinthedoctrineofcriminallaw,seeM.Kowalewska-
Łukuć,Winawprawiekarnym,Warsaw2019,pp.39-80andtheliteraturecitedthere;
cf.alsoV
.Konarska-Wrzosek,A.Marek,Prawokarne,Warsaw2016,pp.134-135;G.Rej-
man,Teorieiformywinywprawiekarnym,Warsaw1980.
