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ChapterI.GeneralprinciplesofPolishcriminallaw
19
afinaljudgementonthebasisofthenewactisnolongerprohibitedun-
derpenalty.Inthatcase,theconvictioniserasedbyvirtueofArticle4§4
CriminalCodeof1997.
§6Principleofanindividual’sliabilityforanofence
UnderPolishcriminallaw,onlyapersonovertheageof17atthetimeof
committingtheactmaybeheldliable.TisisbecausePolishcriminallaw
isbasedontheprincipleofguilt,whichcanonlybeattributedtoasubject
whocandistinguishbetweenwhatisgoodandwhatisbad,hasfreewill
andcandirectitinacertainway.Suchattributesarepossessedonlyby
ahumanbeing.
Itisnotpossibletoholdlegalpersonsorcorporatebodiesthatdonot
havelegalpersonalitycriminallyliable.TeActonLiabilityofCollective
EntitiesforCriminalOfencesof28October2002doesnotconstitutean
exceptiontothisprinciple.6Tisliabilityisdeterminedbythepersonal
responsibilityoftheindividualactingwithinsuchanentity.Terefore,it
isconsequentialinnatureandnotcriminalliabilityinthestrictsense.It
isofamixednature—itcontainsadministrative,civillawandrepressive
elements.7Itisnotaclassiccriminalliability.8
§7Principleofliabilityforintentionalwrongfulacts
AccordingtotheprovisionofArticle8oftheCriminalCodeof1997,an
ofencecanonlybecommittedintentionally.Tismeansthat,inthearea
ofcriminallaw,theruleisthatthelawprovidesforcriminalliabilityonly
6OJ.2020,item358.
7SeeA.Marek,V
.Konarska-Wrzosek,Prawokarne,Warsaw2016,pp.102-104.
8Cf.M.Filar[in:]Systemprawkarnego.VolumeI.Zagadnieniaogólne,ed.A.Marek,
Warsaw2010,p.420.
