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PARTONE.Generalpartofcriminallaw
forintentionalofences.Intentionalofencesarecriminalactsbasedon
intent(Article9§1oftheCriminalCodeof1997).
Tisdoesnotmeanthattheliabilityforunintentionalofencesisnot
possibleinPolishcriminallaw.However,thismustbeexpresslyprovided
forbystatute.Unintentionalitymayconsistinthefactthattheperpetrator
doesnotintendtocommitacriminalofencebutforeseesthepossibilityof
committingitandcountsonavoidingit.Unintentionalityalsooccurswhen
theofenderdoesnotforeseethepossibilityofcommittinganofence,even
thoughtheyhadtheopportunitytoforeseeit.Whethertheofenderhad
suchapossibilityisdeterminedbyconfrontingtheirbehaviourwiththat
ofareasonableman.Inotherwords,thequestioniswhetherthismodel
citizeninthesamesituationasthatoftheofenderwouldhaveforeseen
thattheymightcommitacriminalact.Iftheanswertothisquestionis
afrmative,itmustbeassumedthattheofendercouldhaveforeseenthe
ofence.Teymaythereforebeliableforanunintentionalofence.
ItfollowsfromthewordingofArticle8ofthePenalCodethatifaprovi-
sionofthelawdoesnotexpresslyprovidethataparticularcriminalactmay
becommittedunintentionally,thatis,itisanintentionaltypeofcriminal
act.Toimputethis,itisnecessarytoprovetheperpetrator)sintention.
§8Principleofhumanetreatment
Polishcriminallawisbasedontheprincipleofhumanity.Itfollowsfrom
Article3CriminalCodeof1997,accordingtowhichpenaltiesandother
measuresprovidedforinthePenalCodeof1997shallbeappliedbytak-
ingintoaccounttheprincipleofhumanity,particularlywithrespectto
humandignity.TisnormreferstoArticle30oftheConstitutionofthe
RepublicofPoland,whichstipulatesthattheinherentdignityofahuman
beingissubjecttotheprotectionofthelaw.Tisprincipleisalsolinked
totheprohibitionoftortureorotherinhumanordegradingtreatment
enunciatedinArticle40ofthePolishConstitution.
Tesenormsleadtotheconclusionthat,whatevertheofender)sact,
theymustbetreatedwithrespectfortheirdignityandnotsubjectedto
