Paradigms. Thinking Styles. Research Programs. How Does Science Change?

Lucyna Kostuch, Beata Wojciechowska, Sylwia Konarska-Zimnicka, Paweł Tambor

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-7133-845-8

DOI:

-

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego

Rok wydania:

2020

Liczba stron:

135

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Bibliografia:

Kostuch, Lucyna; Wojciechowska, Beata; Konarska-Zimnicka, Sylwia; Tambor, Paweł. Paradigms. Thinking Styles. Research Programs. How Does Science Change?. Red. . : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2020, 135 s. ISBN 978-83-7133-845-8

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Kostuch, L.

A1 Wojciechowska, B.

A1 Konarska-Zimnicka, S.

A1 Tambor, P.

A2

T1 Paradigms. Thinking Styles. Research Programs. How Does Science Change?

PB Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego

PP

YR 2020

SN 978-83-7133-845-8

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 240707, author = "Kostuch, Lucyna and Wojciechowska, Beata and Konarska-Zimnicka, Sylwia and Tambor, Paweł", editor = "", title = "Paradigms. Thinking Styles. Research Programs. How Does Science Change?", publisher = "Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego", year = "2020", address = "", isbn = "978-83-7133-845-8" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Kostuch, Lucyna

AU - Wojciechowska, Beata

AU - Konarska-Zimnicka, Sylwia

AU - Tambor, Paweł

ED -

TI - Paradigms. Thinking Styles. Research Programs. How Does Science Change?

PB - Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego

CY -

PY - 2020

SN - 978-83-7133-845-8

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Kostuch, Lucyna; Wojciechowska, Beata; Konarska-Zimnicka, Sylwia; Tambor, Paweł. Paradigms. Thinking Styles. Research Programs. How Does Science Change? [baza danych online] : Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, 2020 [dostęp: 18 04 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/paradigms-thinking-styles-research-programs-how-does-science-change-lucyna-kostuch-beata-240707.

Science as a form of human knowledge has always sought to explain causes and mechanisms behind observed phenomena and described them in various aspects. Changes, discoveries, and findings in science have accompanied the emergence of new theoretica...

ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-7133-845-8

DOI:

-

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego

Rok wydania:

2020

Liczba stron:

135

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

Introduction …………………………………………………7
LUCYNA KOSTUCH (Institute of History, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce) Ancient and modern results of the observation of animal behaviour based on the fox. Between the humanist paradigm and the natural paradigm …9
AGNIESZKA KIJEWSKA (Faculty of Philosophy, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin) The history of medieval philosophy and its historiography ……………27
BEATA WOJCIECHOWSKA (Institute of History, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce) Blood science. From Galen to William Harvey – transformations of the paradigm until the end of the seventeenth century ……………43
SYLWIA KONARSKA-ZIMNICKA (Institut of History, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce) From astronomy to astrology and back. Thoughts of a medievalist ………55
REV. PAWEŁ TAMBOR (Faculty of Theology, Faculty of Philosophy, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin) From a static Universe to an expanding Universe: a paradigm shift or a change in thought style? …………………………………71
YVES GASPAR (Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom) A different universe – attempts to address the crisis of modern theoretical cosmology ………………………………………………91
ADAM ŚWIEŻYŃSKI (Institute of Philosophy, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw) From the ideas of spontaneous generation and cosmic origin of life to the bilinear concept of biogenesis ……………………………101
REV. ROMAN KULIGOWSKI A paradigm shift is not a shift of moral rules or values ………………127

Ancientandmodernresultsoftheobservationofanimalbehaviourbasedonthefox

11

TisgivesrisetoaquestionconcerningwhatAesopandhiscontemporaries,

i.e.theancientGreeksandRomans,knewaboutthefox.Werefoxesobserved

intheirnaturalhabitat,ordidtheancientsgonofurtherthantheobserva-

tionsmadewhentheanimalcameintodirectcontactwithhumansandtheir

livestock?Towhatextentistheimageofthefoxpresentedinancientaccounts

aresultofobservationsfromnature,andtowhatdegreeisitaconsequenceof

theanthropomorphisationoftheanimal?

Inordertoanswerthesequestions,weshouldcomparetheGreekandRo-

mansourcematerialswiththeresultsofethologicalresearch.Ofcourse,it

shouldbestressedthattherewerenoconditionsandmethodologicalassump-

tionsinantiquity,forconductingobjectiveﬁeldobservationsofnature,and

therefore,themainsourcesofinformationwereanecdotalmaterials,collected

withouttheappropriatetoolsandrigorousresearchmethods.Itabsolutelyhas

tobeemphasisedthat,fortheGreeksandtheRomans,itwasnaturaltoin-

cludedetailedinformationabouttheappearanceandhabitsofanimalsinthe

literaryworksfromvariousgenres.Today,apartfromtheworksbyAristotle,it

wouldbedifculttodistinguishstrictlyzoologicalworksintheancientlitera-

ture,allthemoresobecausethetermzoologyitselfwascoinedmanycenturies

later.Teotherreservationconcernsthestateofpreservationoftheancient

literaturethattodaywewouldclassifyastheliteratureofnature.Itshouldbe

rememberedthatmostoftheworkshavebeenlostand,whatisparticularly

important,notmuchisknownaboutthepre-Aristotelian(protozoological)

heritage.Terefore,wehaveaselectionofliteratureatourdisposal,whose

degreeofrepresentativenessfortheentiretyofantiquityisdifculttojudge.

Ontheotherhand,concerningtheresultsofethologicalresearch,wemust

rememberthatnaturalistsdocumentgeographicvariationinthebehaviourof

agivenspecies,suggestingalocaloriginandtransmission6.Tefoxmaynot

beuniversalinspaceandtime.

TefoxinthedailylivesoftheGreeksandRomans

Tecommonfox(Vulpesvulpes),oftheCanidaefamily,wasawidespread

speciesintheancientMediterraneanSeabasin.Teremainsoftheanimal

havebeendiscoveredinprehistoricsettlements.Tefoxwaswellknownin

16552,drawingandcommentary:F.Lissarrague,Aesop,BetweenManandBeast:Ancient

PortraitsandIllustrations,in:NottheClassicalIdeal.AthensandtheConstructionoftheOther

inGreekArt,ed.B.Cohen,Leiden-Boston-Köln2000,pp.137-138,ﬁg.5.1.

6

See:EncyclopediaofAnimalBehavior,vol.1,A-C,ed.M.Bekof,Westport2004,s.v.culture.