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standinganddevelopmentofhumanisticthought,andthesplitintophi-
losophyseparatedfromreligionandphilosophycloselyrelatedtoitas
wellasintocontinentalandAnglo-Saxonphilosophy.
IntheEnglish-speakingculture,thecontemporarymodelofresearch
intopoliticsremainsunderastronginfluenceofthedebatebetweensup-
portersofthehistoricalandphilosophicalapproach(politicalstudies)
andthoseofthescientisticneo-orpostpositivisticperspective(politi-
calscience).ThedevelopmentofpoliticalscienceintheGermanculture
wasdrivenbyhermeneuticsandvariousformsofMarxism.Beforethe
RussianRevolution,politicalstudiesinRussiawerepartofreligiousand
philosophicalthoughtexpressedinhistoriographyandhistoriosophy,
belles-lettres,finearts,aswellasliteraryandartisticcriticism,ratherthan
anautonomousdiscipline.Later,intheSovietRussiaandtheSovietUn-
ion,politicalstudieswereconstrainedwithintheboundariessetbyinter-
pretersofMarxism-Leninism.
Itcomesofnosurprisethatinsuchstrikinglydifferentscholarly
traditions,thedevelopmentofpoliticalscienceinthethreeareasunder
analysistookdifferentpaths.IntheAnglo-Saxonpoliticalculture,politi-
caltheoryandpoliticalphilosophyarecloselyinterrelated.InGermany,
theinfluenceofhermeneutics,or-inbroaderterms-interpretationism
(e.g.MartinHeidegger,Hans-GeorgGadamer,JürgenHabermas)re-
mainsstrong,alongadvancedsociologicaltheory(e.g.MaxWeber,Nik-
lasLuhmann,theFrankfurtSchool).IntheSovietculture,metapolitical
thoughtwasconstrainedwithintheframeworkofMarxism-Leninism,
interpretedinstrumentallyasanimportanttoolofthetechnologyofpow-
er,monopolisedbytheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion.However,
moreadvancedpoliticalstudiesintheUSSRwereconductedwithinthe
frameworkofotherresearchareas,suchasinternationalstudies,theory
ofstateandlaworcriticismofbourgeoistheories(undertakenmainly
byinstitutionswhichweregrantedlimitedlicencesbytheCommunist
partyforconductingsocialandpoliticalresearch,e.g.theInstituteof
ScientificInformationonSocialSciencesoftheRussianAcademyof
Sciences).Onlyin1989waspoliticalscienceofficiallyrecognizedas
anindependentacademicdiscipline.Fromthenon,itremainedunder
astronginfluenceoftheAmericanandWesternEuropeanmodels,al-
thoughtheprocesssloweddownovertime.Atpresent,Russianpolitical
scientistsoftenlookatitwithacriticaleye,buttheirobjectionsvaryin
termsofcontentandform.
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