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26GrietRoets,RudiRoose,JohanVandenbussche,TinekeSchiettecat,MichelVandenbroeck
movementofpeopleinpovertyandtheirallies,advocatingfortheirwelfarerights,
wasconstitutedandsubsidizedbytheFlemishGovernment(VanRobaeysetal.
2005).RecognizingandsubsidizingCTheLink)impliedthatpeopleinpovertywere
trainedduringanadvancededucationalprogramasCexpertsbyexperience)totrans-
formtheirexperienceoflivinginpovertyintoexpertise(Walschap2001;Spiess-
chaert2005;Casmanetal.2010).Inthedrivetobecomemoreresponsivetothe
needsofdisadvantagedusers,trainedexpertsbyexperienceinpovertywereaccord-
inglyemployedinpublicservicedeliverytomonitoranti-povertypoliciesandto
empowertherecipientsofsocialpolicy.Thesurplusvalueoftheactiveparticipation
bythepoorinpublicservicedeliverywasemphasizedbecauseoftheassumption
thatpovertyissuesatplayinpublicserviceswasintensionwiththeChard-to-under-
stand)cultureofpoverty,characterizedasapsychologyofpowerlessness(Nicaise
andDewilde1995).ThisassumptionisdefinedasCthemissinglink):
Theideaofanexpertbyexperienceinsocialexclusionisaresponseto[ł]
amissinglinkbetweenthepolicymakersandaidprovidersofalltheservices
withwhichthesociallyexcludedcomeintocontact,ontheonehand,andtheex-
cludedpersonsthemselves,ontheotherhand.[ł]Thekeyelementconsistsof
thefundamentaldifferencebetweenthepositionofanexcludedperson,whois
forcedtoliveinlong-termexclusionandthatoftheorganisationsandpartici-
pantsinpolicymaking,whoarenotfamiliarwiththissocialexperiencenorwith
theharshrealityofthelifeofsociallyexcludedpeopleinallitsaspects,particu-
larlythesenseofshameandhumiliationduetothefactthattheyhavenocontrol
overtheirownlives.(TheMissingLinkEurope2011)
InFlanders,anti-povertypolicy-makinghasthusbeenpredominantlybased
ontheprincipleofempoweringpeoplewithexperienceofpovertytosupporttheir
userparticipationinprocessesofpolicy-making(Dierckx2007).TheCgap)be-
tweenthepoorandthenon-poorisemphasizedasanessentialculturaldimension
ofpoverty,andanti-povertypolicy-makingispursuedthroughindividualempow-
ermentasthebuildingblockenablinguserparticipation:
Wecannotforgetthattheaccumulationofsocialinequalityandexclusionmakes
uptheindividualityofpoverty.Thedimensionofthedepthofthisgapisofcru-
cialimportance:howdeepisthegapbetweenthepoorandtherestofsociety?
[ł]Thepowerlessnessofthepooriscrucial:theycannotbridgethegapthatsep-
aratesthemfromtherestofsocietyundertheirownpower;theyneedhelptodo
this.Andthatisexactlytheroleofgovernmentinterventionandthewelfaresec-
tor.(Vranken2007,37)
InthisdominantFlemishapproach,explicitgovernmentinterventionismeant
tobridgetheculturalgapcreatedbyaviciouscircleofprocessesofsocialexclusion
resultinginindividualfeelingsofpowerlessness,apathy,isolation,andshame(Van
