Qumran And Jericho Pottery: A Petrographic And Chemical Provenance Study

Jacek Michniewicz

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-232-2002-2

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza

Rok wydania:

2009

Liczba stron:

170

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Michniewicz, Jacek. Qumran And Jericho Pottery: A Petrographic And Chemical Provenance Study. Red. . Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 2009, 170 s. ISBN 978-83-232-2002-2

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Michniewicz, J.

T1 Qumran And Jericho Pottery: A Petrographic And Chemical Provenance Study

PB Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza

PP Poznań

YR 2009

SN 978-83-232-2002-2

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 61837, author = "Michniewicz, Jacek", editor = "", title = "Qumran And Jericho Pottery: A Petrographic And Chemical Provenance Study", publisher = "Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza", year = "2009", address = "Poznań", isbn = "978-83-232-2002-2" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Michniewicz, Jacek

ED -

TI - Qumran And Jericho Pottery: A Petrographic And Chemical Provenance Study

PB - Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza

CY - Poznań

PY - 2009

SN - 978-83-232-2002-2

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Michniewicz, Jacek. Qumran And Jericho Pottery: A Petrographic And Chemical Provenance Study [baza danych online] Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 2009 [dostęp: 08 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/qumran-and-jericho-pottery-a-petrographic-and-chemical-provenance-jacek-michniewicz-61837.

archeologia, stanowiska archeologiczne

Książka zawiera monograficzne opracowanie petrograficzno-geochemiczne starożytnej ceramiki pochodzącej ze stanowisk Qumran i Jerycho w basenie Morza Martwego. Jest to interesujące studium z dziedziny interdyscyplinarnej nauki zwanej archeometrią l...

Więcej

ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-232-2002-2

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza

Rok wydania:

2009

Liczba stron:

170

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgements7
1. INTRODUCTION9
1.1. Location of Qumran in the light of the geological structure of the region16
1.2. What knowledge can be gained from petrographic and chemical investigations, and what are their limitations?20
1.3. Prior investigations24
1.4. Analytical methods27
1.5. Search for potential clay deposits and laboratory tests of the clay samples collected in the field28
1.5.1. Hebron29
1.5.2. En Gedi34
1.6. Experimental clay firing35
1.5.3. Wadi Qumran35
2. OIL LAMPS FROM THE QUMRAN SITE AND THE JERICHO WINTER PALACES37
2.1. Object of study37
2.2. Results of petrographic examination38
2.2.1. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP I (Foraminiferous Clay Group)38
2.2.2. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP II (Rich Clay – Calcareous Sand Group)42
2.2.3. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP III (Rich Clay – Quartz Sand Group)46
2.2.4. LAMPS NOT ASSIGNED TO ANY OF THE GROUPS48
2.3. Chemical data and mathematical interpretation51
2.3.1. Principal components analysis51
2.3.2. Spanning tree56
2.4. Comparison of the results of geochemical analyses with those of petrographic observations59
2.5. Summing up59
3. JERICHO – COMMON CERAMICS FROM HASMONEAN AND HERODIAN PALACES61
3.1. Object of study61
3.2. Petrography61
3.2.1. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP I (Foraminiferous Clay Group)61
3.2.2. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP II (Rich Clay – Calcareous Sand Group)67
3.2.3. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP III (Rich Clay – Quartz Sand Group)69
3.2.4. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP IV (Terra Rossa Group)72
3.3. Results of chemical analyses and their mathematical interpretation75
3.3.1. Principal components analysis75
3.4. Summing up81
4. QUMRAN COMMON WARES AND COMPARISON WITH THE JERICHO POTTERY85
4.1. Object of study85
4.2. Results of petrographic examinations86
4.2.1. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP I (Foraminiferous Clay Group)86
4.2.2. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP II (Rich Clay – Calcareous Sand Group)90
4.2.3. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP III (Rich Clay – Quartz Sand Group)90
4.2.4. PETROGRAPHIC GROUP IV (Terra Rossa Group)94
4.2.5. The remaining specimen no. 9094
4.3. Results of chemical analyses95
4.4. Chemical similarities and differences between the Qumran and Jericho ceramics104
4.5. Genesis of the chemical variability of the Qumran and Jericho ceramics108
4.6. Summing up117
5. CERAMICS FROM QUMRAN AND JERICHO AS COMPARED WITH EZ-ZARA AND KHIRBET MAZIN POTTERY AND CLAYS SAMPLED IN THE FIELD121
5.1. Petrographic investigations121
5.2. Comparative chemical analysis129
5.3. Interpretation of the results135
5.4. Are the Qumran ceramics made of Wadi Qumran deposits?138
5.5. Conclusions140
References143
List of figures153
List of tables157
Ceramika z Qumran i Jerycho. Petrograficzno-chemiczne badania nad jej pochodzeniem (S t r e s z c z e n i e)159

Amongtheproponentsoftheconceptionrepudiatingthereligiouschar-

acterofQumranareYizharHirschfeld(1998,2004,2006)andLenaCansdale,

accordingtowhomQumran"[...]cannolongerberegardedasasecluded

settlement,awayfromthepoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountry,and

mayreasonablybeassumedtohavebeenastoppingplaceonaninterna-

tionaltradingroute”(Cansdale1997:123).6

Inturn,accordingtoHirschfeld,"Qumranfunctionedasthecentreofan

estate,althoughintheHasmoneanperioditmayhaveservedasafort,a

way-stationandcentreofeconomicactivity”(2004:241,cf.alsoHirschfeld

1998:189)."(...)Thescrollswerebroughtforconcealmentinthenearby

cavesfromsomepubliclibrary,probablylocatedinJerusalem(i.e.theydo

notrepresentaremotedesertsectbutoneofthesocio-religiousfactions)(...);

theinhabitantsofQumranmayhaverenderedassistanceinconcealingthe

scrolls,butitisdoubtfulwhethertheyshouldbeidentifiedaswritersofthe

scrolls;(...)theownerswerecertainlynotasceticbut,onthecontrary,afflu-

entpeople,probablybelongingtotherulingclassinJudaeaatthattime”

(2006:239).WhatHirschfeldclaimswastheplaceoflivingoftheEssenesare

theruinsofEnGedihehasdiscovered(Hirschfeld2000).

AdifferentvisionofQumranwaspresentedbyMagenandPeleg(2006,

2007),whodecided,aftertenseasonsofarcheologicalstudiesinthesettle-

mentarea,thatQumranwasfirstafortressandthenapotteryfactoryfor

manydecades.IntheHasmoneanperiod,"QumranwaspartofHasmonean

militarypresencealongtheJordanvalleyandtheDeadSea,(...)afterthe

Romanoccupationthesitewasnolongerusedformilitarypurposesandthe

buildingdeteriorated”.Thenewpoolsbuiltthereservednoritualpurposes,

butwerereservoirsofclaysuppliedintheformofasuspensionbyanaque-

duct."Therewassufficientclaytoproducetensofthousandsofclayves-

sels”,sothepotterymakingwasthemainactivityofthesite."Inyearsthat

wererainyandinwhichthestreamsflooded,thequantityofclaycollected

inthepoolsofQumranwasbeyondthesite’sproductionabilityforpottery

vessels.Inthoseyearstheclaywastransferredtootherproductioncentres,

suchasJerusalem(sic!),Jerichoorothersites”(cf.page94).Thecylindrical

jars"weremistakenlycalledscrolljars,whereastheywereusedforstoring

freshanddrieddatesaswellashoney”(Magen,Peleg2006:109-113).

Inthecontextoftheusuallycontradictorytheoriesaboutthefunctionof

Qumranandtherolethissettlementperformed,asignificantargumentverify-

ingatleastsomeoftheabovehypothesescanbeprovidedbytheresultsof

studiesofvariationsinthemineralandchemicalcompositionofceramicves-

selsinrelationtotheirshape,stratigraphicpositionandplaceofdiscovery:

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6OnthelocationofQumranwithintheroadsystemofJudeainthelateHellenisticandearly

Romanperiods,seeHarel(1967),Cansdale(1997:104-107),Broshi(1999),Hirschfeld(2004:12-14).

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