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MulticulturalchallengesinFamilyLaw(Poland)
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presenceofMuslimsminority.7AswellsinceLuther’spronouncement(1517)
wehad(andstillhave)severalvariousgroupsofprotestants.SincetheUnion
withstateofLithuaniaat1569wehadverylargegroupsoftwomainOrthodox
ChurchesandlargegroupofCalvinist.
AftertheUniontheStatewasnotinfactthe“Polishstate”becauseitwas
practicallya“commonstate”:fromthisreasonitwasomciallycalled“Respublica”
(itjustmeans:commonstate).TheStatehadtheParliament(since1493),asthe
legislativebodyandsince1573eachkingwaselectedamongseveralthousand
groupofnobles.ItwasnodoubtthatCatholicsconsistedonlyoneofseveral
variousreligiousgroups.
IntimewheninWestEuropeappearedthebloodyfightsbetweenProtestants
andCatholicsbecauseofthedominatedrule:“Cuiusregioeiusreligio,”8The
PolishKingZygmundtheAugustappliedat16thcenturythecompletelydiferent,
illustriousandpraiseworthyrulethat“PolishKingisnotakingofconscience.”As
resultallconfessionssurvivednextageswithoutanyimportantconflicts,because
thisfreedomofconscious,asafundamentalcitizensright.
AbsoluteequalitybetweenmenandwomenasthecornerstoneofPolish
familylaw.Thismajorfeaturehastheverylongtradition,becausetheequalityof
wifeandhusbandhasbeenpresentinPolishlegalstatutesalreadyfor240years,
sincelate18thcentury.In1778,thefulllegalequalityinparentalauthoritymatters
betweenwifeandhusbandwasestablishedintheCodeofKingStanisławAugust
(thelastofPolishKings).9
Sincethethirdandfinalpartitionandoccupationof“Respublica”ofPolandin
1794initsformerterritoriesoccurred4partshavingtheirowncivillawandfamily
lawsystem.ThesouthpartoccupiedbyAustriawascalled“Galicja”,andtherewas
introducedalawsystemhavingitsrootsinAustrialaw.Howevertheoldcapitolcity
ofCracowhadindependentstatusofitsownas“FreeCity”.Thenext(andtheoldest)
north-westpart:called“GreatPoland”(majorcityPoznań)and“Pomorze”(German
name:Pommern-majorcityGdańsk)wasincorporatedtoPrussiaandtherewas
introduceddirectlythesystemofPrussialaw.During19thcenturythePrussiaevaluated
intoquitenewstate:modernGermanyandallthepartsofGermany-aswellGreat
PolandandPomorze-hadtheGermanlaw,firstofalltheBGB.
Thesituationinthecentralandnorth-eastpartwhichwasoccupiedby
Russiawasmuchmorecomplicated.Thispartwasdividedintotwoparts:in
7ThefamousTatars’Muslimscavalry,since15thcenturywastheimportantpartofPolish
militaryforcesanditsdescendantsstilllivesamongusineast-northpartofPoland,havingsince
agestheirwoodenmadepicturesquemosques.
8Therulecuiusregioeiusreligio,meansthelegaldutyofallcitizenstofollowthereligion
oftheKing.
9E.Bagieńska,ZbiórprawsądowychAndrzejaZamoyskiego[TheCodeofAndrzej
Zamoyski],Poznań1986.