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CapitalPunishmentinClassicalAthens
15
impression,however,thattherelevantlawgivesprioritytomattersofprocedure
overthoseofsubstance,seemsinescapable.6
TheunderstandingofAthenianlawasproceduralratherthansubstantivehas
notgoneunchallenged.7Scholarshavepointedtotheexistenceofexplicitlyformu-
latedsubstantialelementinmanystatutes.Perhapsindeedthefocusonprocedure,
undoubtedlymarkingitspresenceinsomeofthem,hasbeenundulyemphasized
andincautiouslygeneralizedontotheentirelegalsystem.Whateverthecase,two
ofitscorollariesstillseemstoholdgoodgroundagainstcriticism.Firsttheproce-
duralflexibilityofAthenianlaw:8agivenoffencemaybeliabletodifferentproce-
dures,dependingonthechoosingoftheprosecutororplaintiff.9Thisphenomenon
ismostsuccinctlystatedbyDemosthenes:
Solon,whomadetheselaws,didnotgivethosewhowantedtoprosecute
justonewayofexactingjusticefromtheoffendersforeachoffencebut
many[…]Hethoughtthatitwasnotpropertodepriveoneofobtaining
justice,aseachwascapable.Buthowcouldthisbemanaged?Bygiving
manywaysoflegalactionagainstoffenders-forexamplethieves.Youare
strongandconfident:useapagōgē;youriskathousanddrachmafine.You
areweaker:useephēgēsistothemagistrates;theywillthenmanagethepro-
cedure.Youareafraidevenofthat:useagraphē.Youhavenoconfidence
inyourselfandaretoopoortoriskathousanddrachmafine:bringadikē
beforethearbitratorandyouwillrunnorisk.Noneoftheseactionsisthe
same.Inthecaseofimpiety,similarly,youcanuseapagōgē,graphē,adikē
totheEumolpidai,aphasistotheBasileus.Itisprettymuchlikethatforall
theotheroffences.10
6Cf.Ibidem,pp.95-96formoreexamplesofsuchproceduralorientation.
7E.M.Harris:“WhatAretheLawsofAthensAbout?SubstanceandProcedureinAthenian
Statutes.”Dike2009/2010,Vol.12/13,pp.5-64;cf.Idem:TheRuleofLawinActioninDemo-
craticAthens.Oxford2013,pp.138-174.Ch.Carey:“TheShapeofAthenianLaws”…,pp.98-107;
cf.alsoP.J.Rhodes:“ΕΙΣΑΓΓΕΛΙΑinAthens.”JHS1979,Vol.99,pp.106-107.
8TheclassicstudyofthisphenomenonisR.Osborne:“LawinActioninClassicalAth-
ens.”JHS1985,Vol.105,pp.40-58;cf.Idem:AthensandAthenianDemocracy.Cambridge2010,
pp.171-200;perhapsitisundulyconfusedwiththeconceptof“opentexture”;cf.E.M.Harris:
“OpenTextureinAthenianLaw.”Dike2000,Vol.3,pp.27-79;cf.Idem:TheRuleofLaw…,
pp.178-180;Carey2004:112-113;butseeR.Osborne:AthensandAthenianDemocracy.Cam-
bridge-NewYork2010,pp.200-202.
9ForthisseeR.Osborne:“LawinActioninClassicalAthens”…,pp.40-44;cf.Idem:
AthensandAthenianDemocracy…,pp.171-177,andthecorrectiveremarksofCarey2004.
10δsῖVδ᾿ὤistoPnδέVἀπoσtspsῖσooitoῦδίKngtUχsῖV,ὡgἔKoσtogδύVotoi.πῶςoὖVἔσtoi
toῦto;ἐὰVπoλλὰgὁδoὺgδῶiδiὰtῶVVόPωVἐπὶtoὺgἠδiKnKόtogoἷoVtῆgKλoπῆg.ἔppωσoiKoὶ
σoUtῶπiσtsύsiglἄπoγslἐVχiλίoigδ᾿ὁKίVδUVog.ἀσosVέσtspogsἰltoῖgἄpχoUσiVἐlnγoῦltoῦto
πiήσoUσiVἐKsῖVoi.loβsῖKoὶtoῦtolγpάloU.KotoPέPlsiσsoUtὸVKoὶπsVὴgὢVońKἄVἔχoigχiλίog
ἐKtsῖσoilδiKάCoUKλπῆgπpὸgδioitntὴVKoὶońKiVδUVsύσsig…(Demostenes22.25;tr.R.Osborne:
AthensandAthenianDemocracy…).
