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0.Introduction
15
acknowledgedbyotherpoleisandresultingfromSparta)smilitarysuperiority.
Tesymmachy)scharacterbegantochangeinthefaceofintensifiedrivalrywith
Athensandassumedfullpoliticaldimensionsonlyinthesecondphaseofthe
PeloponnesianWar.
8
WhileSchaeferpresentedaconsistentalternativemodeloftheSpartansym-
machy,DonaldKagan,whosawnochanceofexplainingalltheactionsofthealli-
anceandtherelationsbetweenSpartaanditsalliesbyreferringtothetraditional-
istmodel,questionedthesenseofsearchingforthemodelassuch.Accordingto
Kagan,treatyobligationsnotwithstanding,therelationsofSpartawithitsallies
wereregulatedbypragmatismalone;thus,anyattemptstoformulatelegalrules
organisingthesymmachy,basedonparticulareventsasdescribedbyhistorians,
areboundtofail.Evenifweassumethatthealliancetreatieshadidenticalcontent,
Kaganseesthisasinconsequential,sinceineachcasetheinterpretationofthear-
rangementdependedonthepositionofthepartner,whichcouldbeeitherstrong
(asinthecaseofCorinth),orweak;anotherfactorwaswhetherSpartafeltsecure
ornotatthemomentwhenthearrangementwasconcluded.Forinstance,calling
theassembliesofalliesorafailuretodosowasdeterminedonlybythewishesand
needsofSparta.
9
TeideasofSchaeferandKagan,whichchallengedthetraditionalistoutlook,
weremetwithimmediatecriticism.Bothscholarswereaccused(notwithout
somereason)ofselectivetreatmentofthesourcesandtheirconceptionswere
rejected.
10
Whenin2002MichaelWhitbypublishedaselectionofrepresentative
textswhichweresupposedtooferthereaderanimageofancientSparta,hechose
withouthesitationthefragmentofPaulCartledge)sbookof1987toillustratethe
Spartansymmachy;thisbookrepeatedtoagreatextentthecanonicalpresenta-
tionoftraditionalistapproachpennedbyGeofreydeSte.Croixin1972.
11
ButthetraditionalistimageofthePeloponnesianLeaguehadlostitssuprem-
acyevenbeforeWhitby)spublication.AnarticlebyGeorgeCawkwell,published
in1993,broughtabouttherehabilitationofsomeoftheelementsofSchaefer)s
model(theturningpointinthefunctioningoftheSpartansymmachyinthefifh
century,averyCprimitive)modelofthesymmachyuntilthe460s),whileinthe
partconcerningthearchaicperiod,thegeneralframeworkofthemodelhasbeen
8
Schaefer(1932),esp.63-85,201-221,234-242.
9
Kagan(1969)9-30.
10
AgainstSchaefer,seeHighby(1936)58-74,cf.Will(1955)627n.1and654n.3.Against
Kagan,seeSte.Croix(1972)101-102,cf.theconciliatoryreplyinKagan(1981)41n.21.
11
RespectivelyWhitby(2002),Cartledge(1987)9-13=Cartledge(2002a).Ontradi-
tionalists)view(s),cf.Kennell(2010)51andBayliss(2013)212-213.
