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Introduction:Anoverviewofcurrenttrends…
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theoreticalclaims.Asearlyasin1986and1990,Krzeszowskiarguedthatthe
apparatusofcognitivelinguistics,inparticularthetheoryofprototypes,can
actastertiumcomparationisforacontrastiveanalysisofprepositions.Apart
fromRosch’stheoryofprototypesandcategorization,advancesinCognitive
Linguisticswhichturnedouttobefertileforcontrastivelinguisticsinclude,
amongothers,studiesofmetaphor,metonymy,patternsofpolysemy,and
conceptualization(e.g.,LakoffandJohnson1980;Lakoff1987;Langacker
1991;Taylor1993;Talmy2000;TylerandEvans2003).Contributionscol-
lectedinBoas(2010)demonstratethepossibilityofusingconstructiongram-
marincontrastivelinguisticresearch.Therapiddevelopmentofcontrastive
cognitivesemanticscanbeillustratedby,forinstance,avolumebyDziwirek
andLewandowska-Tomaszczyk(2010),inwhichtheauthorsprovidedetailed
semanticanalysesofemotionconceptsanddifferentcomplementchoicesof
emotionpredicates(inPolishandEnglish).
ThevolumeseditedbyGómez-Gonzálezandhercollaborators,forexam-
ple,Butler,Gómez-González,andDoval-Suárez(2005)andGómez-González,
Mackenzie,andGonzálezAlvarez(2008),indicatethefelicityofthecognitive
approachaswellasfunctionalframeworksincontrastiveresearch.
Itneedstobeemphasizedthatcontrastiveresearchhasexpanded(focusing
onunitslargerthanwordsandsentences),involvingdiscourse,sociolinguistic,
andculturalstudies.Thenotioncontrastivepragmaticshasbeenadoptedas
anumbrellatermforavarietyofpossiblefieldsofresearchinthisarea.As
thesenewdirectionsinlinguisticshaveledtogreaterinterestinspokencom-
municationandstudiesofpragmaticmarkers,theyarefocusedonavariety
ofdifferentperspectivesandtheoreticalapproaches,suchasConversation
Analysis,AppraisalTheory,grammaticalization,politenesstheory,cross-cultural
pragmatics,orvariationalpragmatics(seeSchneiderandBarron2008).Whereas
Littlewood(1983),Fillmore(1984),andOleksy(1984)introducesomegeneral
remarksconcerningcontrastivepragmatics,thevolumebyBlum-Kulkaetal.
(1989)oncross-culturaldifferencesbetweenrequestsandapologiesconcentrates
onlargedifferencesintherealizationoffelicityconditionsforspeechactsand
therulesfortheirusage.Furthermore,itisworthmentioningothervolumes
devotedtopragmaticaspectsindifferentlanguages,suchasOleksy(1989),Pütz
andNeff-vanAertselaer(2008),AijmerandSimon-Vandenbergen(2006),or
Aijmer(2011).Inourvolume,EwaBogdanowska-JakubowskaemploysCritical
DiscourseAnalysis(thetermusedbyFaircloughandWodak[1997]2009:258)
todiscussnoticeswhichcanbeobservedinAmericanandPolishurbanpublic
spacesandtransport.
Thechaptersincludedinthepresentmonographdemonstratethatnew
insightscanbegainedbycombiningcontrastiveperspectivewithvarious
theoreticalmodels.Theyalsotestifytotheimportanceoflinguisticcorpora
andwebsearchesinlexicalcontrastivestudies.Theauthorsofthemajorityof
