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THEPUBLICORDERINREPUBLICANROME
withinthescopeoftheauthorityofagivenmagistrate.Todefine
this,itismostusefultoquoteCicero,whoinhisOntheLaws(De
legibus),lectureswhatitconsistedof:9
Iustaimperiasunto,eisquecivesmodesteacsinerecusatione
parento.Magistratusnecoboedientemetnoxiumcivemmulta
vinclisverberibusvecoerceto,niparmaiorvepotestaspopulo-
sveprohibessit,adquosprovocatioesto.Cummagistratusiudi-
cassitinrogassitve,perpopulummultaepoenaevecertatioesto.
Militiaeabeoquiimperabitprovocationecesto;quodqueisqui
bellumgeretimperassit,iusratumqueesto.
Letthepowersbejust,andletthecitizensobeythemdecently
andwithoutrefusal.Letthemagistratecheckthedisobedient
andharmfulcitizenbyfine,chains,orwhippingifnoequalor
greaterauthorityorthepeopleforbidit;lettherebetheright
ofappealtothepeople.Whenthemagistratehasjudgedorpro-
posedapenalty,lettherebeapubliccontentionoverthefine
orpenalty.Lettherebenorightofappealonmilitaryservice
fromthecommander,andletwhateverthepersonwagingwar
hascommandedberightandratified.
AccordingtoCicero)sstatement,asanctionimposedbyamag-
istratecouldhaveassumedtheformofthepunishmentofflag-
ellation,afinetoaspecificamount,assetforfeiture,oreventhe
deathpenalty.10Still,thisisanopinionformulatedinthefirst
centuryB.C.,whereasinthebeginningsoftheRepublicamag-
istratemusthaveenjoyedanabsolutelibertyofdecidingabout
9Cic.Leg.3.6,trans.J.E.G.Zetzel;cf.Sall.Cat.29.3;Dig.1.2.2.16,1.16.6.pr.=50.17.70;
Hyg.74,78,80.Mommsen(1887-8)i137-40;RE4.1(1901)201-4;Kunkel(1972)8;
M.Humbert(1988)430-5;Nippel(1988)12-19;(1995)5-12;Sablayrolles(2001)130;
Santalucia(1998)21,29-30,37,52-5,71-5;(1999)32-3=(2000a)832-3;cf.Volkmann
(1969)177-94.
10Mommsen(1899)38-54;Lintott(1968)88-9;M.Humbert(1988)430-5;Nippel
(1988)14-17;(1995)5-12;Rampelberg(1995)249-57;Santalucia(1994)64;(1998)44
and52.
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