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thesematters.Coërcitiooriginatedfromtheelementsofmilitary
disciplinejwithanunlimitedrightoforderingthatbelongedto
acommanderwhenfacedwithanenemy.11Tus,itwasavailable
tothemagistrateswhowereprovidedwithimperiumandasan
exceptiontotheplebeiantribunesperhaps.12Telower-ranking
magistrates,likequaestorsandaediles,wereinitiallyentitledtoact
similarlyonlyonthebasisofaparticularauthorizationoftheir
superior,andlateroncouldhaveobtainedtheirownlegalbasis
perhaps.13
Withtime,lawlessnessofthemagistratesstartedtobelimited
bymeansofsuchinstitutionsasarightofeachcitizentoappeal
againstthedeathsentencetothepeople(provocatioadpopulum),
firstavailablejustwithinthebordersofthecityofRome,andthen
inRomanItalyandintheprovincesaswell.14Teexecutioncould
havebeenblockedalsoastheresultofaninterventionbyaple-
beiantribune(iusauxilii)whocouldusehisright(intercessio)toob-
structthedecisionsmadebythemagistrates.15Teseregulations
11Cic.Leg.3.6;Val.Max.2.7.6.Mommsen(1887-8)i137;(1899)39-40;Kunkel(1972)8;
Lind(1986)61-7;Nippel(1984)22;(1988)14-15;(1995)6-7;Rampelberg(1995)251-2;
Santalucia(1994)64;(1998)21,29-30.
12Dig.2.4.2.Mommsen(1887-8)i141,153;(1899)39;RE4.1(1901)201-2;Kunkel(1972)
8;Nippel(1988)12;(1995)5;Rampelberg(1995)251-7;Santalucia(1998)41;cf.Badian
(1996);Santalucia(1998)29-30,52;(2000b)24.
13Mommsen(1899)40.
14Cic.Rep.2.53-5,2.61;Leg.3.6,3.11,3.44;Deorat.2.199;Phil.1.21-2;Verr.2.5.162-3;Sest.
65(cf.75);Rab.Post.8;Liv.2.8.1-2,2.55.4-7,3.45.8,3.53.4,3.55.4-5,10.9.3-5,40.42.8-
11;Dion.Hall.5.19.4;Sall.Cat.51;Sall.-Ps.Cic.5-6;Asc.78;Dig.1.2.2.16,1.2.2.23;Val.
Max.4.1.1;Plut.Publ.11.2;Flor.1.3.4;Devir.ill.15.5.Mommsen(1899)473-7;RE
4.1(1901)202,23.2(1959)2444-63;Bleicken(1959);Garnsey(1966)167-8;G.Grosso
(1966);Kunkel(1962)24-33;(1972)8-11;J.Martin(1970);A.H.M.Jones(1972)2,20-2;
DeMartino(1972)245-6;Lintott(1972);Lind(1986)86;M.Humbert(1988);Pailler
(1988)257-8;Magdelain(1988)=(1990)567-88;Nippel(1988)13-17;(1995)6-7;Bau-
man(1996)10;Rampelberg(1995);Santalucia(1994);(1998)23-8,31-46,52-5,71-5;
Fasano(1997)23-32;Giovannini(1999)102;CAH2ix495.
15Liv.2.55.4-7,3.20.7,3.45.8,3.53.4,3.55.4-5,3.56.1;Cic.Verr.2.5.162-3Mommsen(1887-
8)ii.1297-8;(1899)463-8;Bleicken(1955)5-9,106-49;(1959)356-63;Lind(1986)86;
Magdelain(1987)=(1990)539-65;M.Humbert(1988);Nippel(1988)17-19;(1995)6-
7,9-11;Tommen(1989)233-41;Bauman(1996)10;Santalucia(1998)35,41-2.
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