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INTRODUCTION
Sincetheverybeginningofmankind,bothseasandrivershavebeencatalystsoftrade,
colonisationprocesses,andconquestsofnewterritories.meimmanentfeaturesinwhich
maritimetransportprocessestakeplace,provideadvantageousconditionsforshipping
largevolumesofcargoforlongdistances.Rivers,asthelinesofcommunication,playthe
complementaryroleinthisglobalactivity,howeverinlandwaterwaytransporthasbe-
comemoresignificantduetoitseconomicandenvironmentalfeatures.meworldbiggest
portlocationsintheriverestuarieshighlightthispotentialforfurtherdevelopmentofthe
maritimeandinlandwaterwaytransportcooperation.merefore,thepotentialforincreas-
ingthemodalshareofinlandwaterwaytransportisstillgrowing.
Consideringtheconditionsofglobalcompetition,maritimeshipping,inlandwater-
waytransportaswellasportoperationsareperformedinaccordancewithstricttechno-
logicalandoperationalstandards.Alltheseactivitiesaresubjecttoseveretimepressure,
theimperativeofeconomisation,andtothemostimportantprincipleofall:providing
theseoperationswiththehighestpossiblelevelofsafetyandsecurity.
meincreasingworthofcargotransportedonvarioustypesofvessels(oceangoing
shipsandbarges),theirsignificanceineconomicprocessesrepresentedbythegrowing
volumeofcargo,andfinallygrowingcongestionresultinaconsiderableincreaseinsecu-
rityhazards(terrorism,piracy)andsafetyhazards(accidentsatseaandrivers,collisions,
increasedanthropogenicimpactcausingenvironmentalloss).meefcientcounteraction
againstthesehazardsbecomesacrucialissue.Itisnolongerjustalocalorevenaninter-
nationalchallenge;itscharacterhasbecomecontinentalandmuchmoreglobal.
missimpleobservationhasbecomeabasisofsomedefinitelymorecomplicatedcon-
ceptspertainingtosafetyandsecurityofmaritimeandinlandwaterwaytransport.In
aholisticapproach,maritimesafetyandsecuritycomeasconceptualaspectswhichin-
cludetwomostimportantareaswherehazardsappear:nauticalhazardsofprobabilistic
nature,andconscioushazardsofadeterminedcharacterwhicharecausedbyanthro-
pogenicfactors.melevelofsafety/securitycomesasaderivativeoftheabilitytoiden-
tifyhazards,andconsequentperseverancepresentedbythenational-andnowadays
