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development.And,atthesametime,thisfrequentlyappliestorequirementsin
relationtobasichabitatconditions,suchasheat,light,moisture(Daubenmire1973;
Freedman1995;Falińska1996;Bloor2003).
Eachorganismhasaspecificecologicalsystem,asetofcharacteristicsand
traits,whichaffectitsecologicalrequirementsandenableittooccupyacertain
habitat.Thesearepropertiesofexternalandinternalstructure,metabolismand
methodofnutrition,thedevelopmentrhythm,biologyofpropagationandmanyother
characteristics(Safford1990).Andthus,theecologicalstructureofagivenspecies
determineswhichecologicalconditionsmustprevailinagivenplaceforaspeciesto
occur.Ifspeciestraitsmatchtheseconditions,wesaythataspeciesisadaptedto
agivenenvironment.Particulartraitsofaspecies,bothphysiological,morphological
and
anatomical,
matching
specific
habitat
conditions
are
usually
called
theadaptation.Thelargenumberoftheseadaptations,theirdiversityand
functionalityinrespondingtoexternalconditionsisamazing.Thebasisfortheir
developmentisthevariationoforganisms.Therearethreetypesofadaptations:
modulatory,modificatoryandevolutionary(Bergon,Mortimer1981;Begon,Harper,
Townsend1990;Podbielkowski,Podbielkowska1992;Yamashitaetal.2000).
Modulatoryadaptationsdevelopundertheinfluenceofbriefchangesinexternal
conditionsandproceedveryquickly,andatthesametimeareshort-livedand
reversible.Theyusuallyoccuratthebiochemicalandphysiologicallevel,and
seldomarecombinedwithdiscerniblemorphologicalchanges.Thestrengthof
anorganism’sresponseusuallydependsonthedevelopmentstageofanindividual
(Barcikowski1994).
Modificatoryadaptationstakeplaceduringtheontogenesis(ontogeny)of
anorganismandfunctionforalongtimeinperiodsimportantforthelifeofagiven
specimen.Theyconstituteapositiveresponseofagivenorganismtospecifichabitat
conditionsinthedefinedlimitsoftheirinfluence.Sincetheyhaveaformof
morphologicalchanges,permanentinthelifeofaspecimen,andareinducedby
biochemicalprocessesofthisspecimen,theseadaptationsarenotinherited(Begon,
Harper,Townsend1990;Podbielkowski,Podbielkowska1992;Bergon,Mortimer,
Thompson1999).
Evolutionaryadaptationsresultingfromrandommutations,preservedthrough
naturalselection,areinheritedadaptations.Inheritedtraits,specificforeverytaxon,
determineitsecologicalstructureanddefineoptimalrequirementsinrelationto
environmentalconditions(Duarteetal.1995).
Responsesofplantstostress-relatedfactors
Thedefinitionofstress
AccordingtoLevitt,stressisanyenvironmentalfactorcapableofinducing
apotentiallyharmfulphysicalorchemicalchange(strain)inaplant(Levitt1980).
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