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UrszulaSwadźba:Teoreticalandmethodologicalbasisoftheresearch
10203Workandentrepreneurship
Workandthesociety’sattitudetowardsworkarecrucialelementsofeco-
nomicsuccess.Tenotionofworkhasbeenasourcestudiedbyscholarsofmany
fieldssuchaspraxeology,economics,philosophyandCatholicsocialteaching.
Tesociologicaldefinitionofworkdrawsattentiontothesocialaspects,such
asaspirations,attitudes,structureandcultureofparticulargroups.Whatis
animportantelementistheintegrationofagroupwhileworking,resultingin
specificprofessionalroles,transferredtoanotherplaneofsociallife:“Workisa
socialactivity,professionalandnon-professional,focusedonmeetingtheneeds
ofpeople.Inthecourseofperformingtheirwork,individualscoordinatetheir
behaviorandcometogetherincooperation.Troughtheprocessofworking,
thestructureofthegroupiscreatedandintegrationprocessstarts.Inconnec-
tionwithdoingthework,thegroupmembersdevelopvaluesandstandards”
(Swadźba,2001:22).Workinthissensewouldhaveafunctionalcharacterand
thisunderstandingappliestobothprofessionalandnon-professionalwork.Te
subjectivefactoratworkisveryimportant,becausewhatconstitutesajobfor
someone,itdoesnotforanother.Inrelationtoworkdińerentassessmentscan
beformulated,ofwhichthreetypescanbedistinguished:utilitarian,emotional
(aestheticormoral)andhedonistic(Pszczołowski,1966:7-10).Inthecaseof
thefirsttype,theusefulnessofworkisemphasized.Workgenerallyprovides
wealthforsocietiesasduetoworkpeoplemakemoneyfortheirlivelihoodand
thisfosterspositiveworkevaluations.Positiveevaluationwillinvolveworkgiv-
ingsatisfactionandpleasure(hedonisticevaluation),butmayalsopertaintoits
moralvalues.Peoplewhoworkareperceivedinamorepositivewaythanthe
unemployed.Negativeassessmentofenconcernshardwork,givingdispleasure
anddissatisfaction.
Sociologicalstudiesonworkofenfocusonitsvalue.Workisusuallyaposi-
tivevalueduetoitsexistentialaspects,butalsothankstoitsroleinself-reali-
zationandthefulfillmentofone’screativeneeds.Teanalysisoftheresultsof
theresearchonthevalueofwork,setamongothervalues,inthethreeVisegrad
countries-Poland,TeCzechRepublicandSlovakia,revealedbothsimilarities
anddińerences(Swadźba,2014).Tesimilarityliesincrystallizingthevalueof
familyandworkatthetopofthevaluesystem.Tesetwoconstitutetheaxi-
ologicalaxisofthesysteminthethreeanalyzedsocieties.Worktakesthesec-
ondmostimportantplaceinthesystemofthethreenationalcommunities.Te
dińerenceisshowninascribinggreatermeaningtoworkasanexistentialvalue
bySlovakandPolishsocietiescomparedtoCzechsociety.Inturn,thePolish
societyattacheslowersignificancetofreetime(ludicvalue)thantheCzechsand
Slovaksdo.TismeansthattheCzechsociety-thewealthiestinthisgroupof
countries-attachesgreaterimportancetothepost-materialistvalues,whilethe
Polishsocietytothemorematerialisticones(Swadźba,2014:107).
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