Treść książki

Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
Thesechangesnecessitatedrevisionofthecorecurriculum,whichforfor-
eignlanguagesmeantamovemorecloselytowardstheCommonEuropean
FrameworkofReferenceforLanguagesbothindescriptionofcontentand
levels.Curricularstandardsbecameoperationalizedintermsofwhatthe
learnercando.Changesinthecurriculumforcedchangesinthenational
examinations,whichmeanttherewasanopportunitytoaddressthepolar-
izedlearnerpopulation.In2012arevisedforeignlanguageexamination
waslaunched,withtwolevels,basicandextended.Forthosecontinuing
thesameforeignlanguagefromprimaryschooltheextendedlevelwasob-
ligatory,inadditiontothebasicexam.Thethirdphaseoftheresearch,the
ImpactStudy,tookplaceatthetimeoftheintroductionoftherevisedexam.
Messick(1996)challengesresearcherstoprovideevidencethatany
changesfoundintheteachingorintheeducationsystemresultfromthe
examination.Theresearchquestionthenmovedbeyondwhetherwashback
wastakingplace,totryingtodiscoverwhatwascausingtheexamto
haveeffectsonsometeachersandsomelearnersbutnotonothers(Wall
&Alderson,1993)andinsomeschoolsmorethaninothers.Usingparts
ofinterviewswithteachers,schoolprincipalsandlearnersdrawnfrom
anotherlargescalestudy,togetherwithquestionnaireextracts,themain
partofthisprojectlookstofillgapsinwhatisknownaboutwashbackto
date.Movingbeyondtheclassroom,itlooksalsoattheschoolinitscontext
andfactorsrelatingtotheschoolanditsexaminationresults.Effectsatthis
levelarereferredtoasimpact,seenastheeffectsoftheexaminationfelt
beyondtheimmediateclassroomsituation.Itismoreappropriatetosee
theschoolasacomplexdynamicsystem,astherearemanyfactorswhich
allinteractwitheachother,acrossallareasoftheschoolandoutintothe
districtsurroundingit.Theaimofthisworkhasbeentotrytounravel
thiscomplexmix,tosearchforpatternsandattempttofindfactorswhich
contributetothecomingaboutofwashbackandimpactfromthenational
examinationinEnglish.Manyfactorswereidentified,someofwhichare
beingdescribedforthefirsttime.
Thefirstpartofthebookprovidesatheoreticalandcontextualback-
groundfortheresearchproject.ChapterOnegivesanintroductiontothe
conceptsofwashbackandimpact,presentsanddiscussesmodelsand
examines,throughareviewoftheliteratureinbothmainstreameducation
andforeignlanguageassessment,howunderstandingoftheconceptshas
developedandchangedasthefieldhasgrown.
InChapterTwothefocusmovestodiscoverhowtestsareusedinsociety
bystudyinghowtestscoresareused.Theopeningsectiongivesanover-
viewoftheconceptofvalidityandshowshowtheimpactandconsequences
ofatestareseenasanimportantpartofthis.Examinationsareusedfor
manypurposesinsociety,asameansofcontrol,forselection,butalsoto
bettersocialequity.Towhatextentthetestorthetestprovidercanbeheld
responsiblefortheconsequencesresultingfromuseoftestscoresforms
7