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andwhichremaininstrictinteractionwithculture.20Asregardstheanalysis
ofpoliticalsystems,thisconditioningwasaptlycapturedbythewell-known
politicalscientist,FrancisFukuyama,inthefollowingwords:HBiologygives
usthebuildingblocksofpoliticaldevelopment.Humannatureislargely
constantacrossdifferentsocieties.Thehugevariancesinpoliticalformsthat
weseebothatthepresenttimeandoverthecourseofhistoryisinthefirst
placetheproductofvarianceinthephysicalenvironmentsthathumanbe-
ingscametoinhabit.Associetiesramifyandfilldifferentenvironmental
nichesacrosstheglobe,theydevelopdistinctivenormsandideasinapro-
cessknownasspecificevolution.Groupsofhumansalsointeractwitheach
other,andthisinteractionisasmuchadriverofchangeasisthephysical
environment.”21
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20Toasubstantialdegree,theauthorconcurswiththesociobiologicalthesesdeveloped
byEdwardO.Wilsonandhisadherents.SeeWilson(1975):esp.547-575,andevolutionof
hisviewse.g.in:Wilson(1978);(1999)and(2012).Amongotherthings,sociobiologicalcon-
ceptsaredevelopedaspartofevolutionarypsychologywhichaccountsforhumanbehav-
ioursfromthestandpointofbiologicalandculturalevolution,thusbeingclosesttolegal-
historicalstudies.Seee.g.Buss(2001)andencyclopaediccompilations:Buss(2005);Dunbar,
Barret(2007),withextensivebibliography.Nonetheless,seealsodifferingopinionsconcern-
ingsociobiologicalapproachinsocialsciences:Ferry,Vincent(2003)andasanoverview
Mościskier(1998);Mościskier(2001):esp.11-71;Konarzewski(2006).Adecisivethough
unjustifiedcriticismofsociobiologyandrelatedcurrentsofresearchwasexpressedbye.g.
Rose,Kamin,Lewontin(1984);Rose,Rose(2000).Thecritiqueisconductedfromanideolog-
icalviewpoint;itreliesonhighlightingexampleswhichunderminethefindingsofcurrents
drawingonsociobiologyandarguesthattheyservepoliticalgoalsoftheconservativemi-
lieu.Thecriticspostulatethattheimpactoftheenvironmentshouldbetakenintoconsidera-
tiontoagreaterextent,whileplayingdownthesignificanceofbiologicaldeterminism.At
thesametime,theyseemtoforgetthatevolutionismrejectedinthefirsthalfofthetwentieth
centurywassomethingcompletelydifferentfromtheevolutionismwhichemergedinthe
latterhalfofthatcentury.Cf.Foley(2001):13-29,esp.18.Theviewsopposingsociobiology
werediscussedindetailinAlcock(2001);ibidem:8-21(anoverviewofrelationsbetween
variouscurrentsofsociobiologicalstudies).SeealsoPinker(2002),whoexpressestheview-
pointofadherentsofconceptsderivedfromsociobiologyinamoresyntheticformand
criticizestheopinionsofthosewhotodayopposethenotionthatauniversalhumannature
exists.Seealsoworksquotedinsubsequentfootnotes,whichclearlystressthesignificance
ofcomponentelementsofhumannaturethatemergedinthecourseofevolution,aswellas
pointtothelimitationsofstudiesdrawingonsociobiologyandevolutionarypsychology.
RichardDawkins’sworkontheHselfishgene”wastheonewhichpopularizedthemthe
most:Dawkins(2006).
21Fukuyama(2011):77.Here,onemayquotethepertinentremarkmadebyPlotkin
(2007):18,who,discussingtheinteractionofbiologyandculturewrotethus:HThepowerof
cultureisawesome.Itisouruniversalfatethatittouchesvirtuallyeveryaspectofourlives.
Anditdoesthisbecauseitiswrittendeepintothefabricofourbiology.”Seealsoaboutthe
problemofinteractionbetweencultureandbiologye.g.Richardson,Boyd(2005)andSec-
tionVIIinDunbarr,Barret(2007):553-681.
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