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NathalieBrack
Parliamentasanarenainwhichtheyactivelydefendandpromotetheirpoints
ofview.Initiallydominatedbysocialists,Christian-democratsandliberals
universallyinfavourofEuropeanintegration,theEPhassinceincluded
newpoliticalgroupsrepresentingtheoppositionofincreasingsegmentsof
thepopulation.Asaresult,theEuropeanassemblyhasbeendividedalong
twomaindimensions,theleft-rightcleavageandthepro/anti-integration
axis.3TheMaastrichtTreatyconstitutedthe“criticalturn”inEuropean
integrationandoppositiontotheEUbecamemorevisibleanddiversified.4
Europeanelectionssince1994,andthesuccessiveenlargements,especially
theenlargementtoCentralandEasternEurope,contributedtoconsolidate
theranksofEuroscepticsintheEPandbroadenedthespectrumofpositions
regardingtheEuropeanproject.Inparallel,theprocessofconstitutionalisation
generatedapublicdebateonthenatureandfutureoftheEU,facilitatingthe
mobilisationofEuroscepticparties.
Thedoortoinstitutionalreformwasjustbarelybeenclosedbythe
difficultadoptionoftheLisbonTreaty,whentheeconomicandeurozone
crisisreopenedthedebateonEuropeanintegrationandthelegitimacyof
theEU’sinterventionineconomicgovernance.Theunpopularbailouts
increasedtheEU’svisibilityinthepublicsphere,leadingtotheemergence
orresurgenceofEuroscepticpartiesinmanyMemberStates.Theintegration
processhasnowenteredanewandmoredifficultphase,characterised
bymassEuroscepticism,theriseofradicalandpopulistparties,andthe
mainstreamingofanti-EUrhetoric.56
Inthiscontext,itismoreimportantthanevertoexaminethisopposition
totheEU.AsY
.Ményputit,7“howeverexcessive,contradictory,confusing
andunpleasantarethemessages,anti-EUpopulistrhetoricdeservesour
attention.”IwillfirstbrieflyexaminethecomplexnatureofEuroscepticism,
beforeturningtoanoverviewofthesuccessofpopulistandrightwing
3
S.Hix,A.Noury,G.Roland,DemocraticPoliticsintheEuropeanParliament,Cambridge
UniversityPress,Cambridge,2007.
4
R.Coman,J.Lacroix,Lesrésistancesàl’Europe.Culturesrégionales,idéologieset
stratégiesd’acteurs,Editionsdel’UniversitédeBruxelles,Bruxelles,2007.
5
A.Abbarno,G.Zapryanova,“IndirectEffectsofEuroscepticMessagesonCitizen
AttitudestowardDomesticPolitics,”JournalofCommonMarketStudies,vol.51,no.4,
2013,pp.581-597.
6
N.Brack,N.Startin,“IntroductionEuroscepticism,fromtheMarginstotheMainstream,”
InternationalPoliticalScienceReview,vol.36,no.3,2015,pp.239-249.
7
Y
.Mény,“Conclusion:AVoyagetotheUnknown,”JournalofCommonMarketStudies,
vol.50,issueS1,2012,p.162.
8
ThePolishQuarterlyofInternationalAffairs,2015,no.2
