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MarcinPrzychodniak
aspects(adecision-makingprocessbasedoninner-circlerecommendations,
leadershipoftheCCPCentralCommitteeSmallLeadingGrouponForeign
Affairs,andapropagandacampaigninChinesemediapresentingXilike
MaoZedongorDengXiaoping).ButXididnotbecomeadictator,thatis,
anationalleaderwiththesamestatusasMao,orevenwiththestatusofthe
Party’score.12TheChineseleaderstillisldespitethecentralisationofpower
andextremelybroad(thoughlargelyinformal)prerogativeslanelementof
abroadparty-statesystemwithcertaindependencesontheCCP.Thatforces
Xitoconstructaforeignpolicybasedonacoalitionofinterestgroupsand
inoppositiontoothers.Thenumberofinstitutionsinvolvedintheforeign
policy-makingprocesshasalsoincreased.Thefocalpointofreferenceis
neithertheCCPCCInternationalDepartmentnortheMinistryofForeign
AffairsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(althoughbothinstitutionsdoplay
acertainroledependingontheissues,suchasthosedealingwithrelations
withNorthKorea)butinsteadtheCCPCCSecretariat(appointingstrategic
directions)orthementionedCCPCCSmallLeadingGrouponForeign
AffairsheadedbyXi.Theimportanceofstateresearchinstitutionshasalso
risen,suchastheChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,ChinaInstitutes
ofContemporaryInternationalRelations,ChinaInstituteofInternational
Studies,andtheDevelopmentResearchCentre,onwhichXireliesfor
analysisandtowhichheattachesgreatimportance.Inthiscontext,itis
alsojustifiedtomakethedistinctionproposedbyR.Sutter,whowrotethat
Chineseforeignpolicyneedstobeevaluatedasthesumofmanydifferent
factors,wheretheviewsandsentencesgivenbythechairmanareoneof
manyvariables.13ThisconceptiscomplementedbyD.Lampton,whowrote
that“withinmanyessentialstrategicissues,highrankingstateelitesstillhave
significantinfluenceonactionsbeingtaken.”14Althoughthatcommentcould
mainlybeattributedtothetimesofrecentCCPsecretarygeneralslJiang
ZeminandHuJintaolitisstilladequate,despitefar-reachinggovernment
centralisation,alsotoXi’sadministration.
12
ThetitleandabilitytouseitinofficialpublicationswhenreferringtoXiwasconfirmedby
the6thPlenumoftheCCPCCinOctober2016.Previously,suchstatuswasonlyacquired
byMaoZedongandDengXiaoping.Itisnotconnectedwithcertainprivilegesbutis
adeterminantofastrongleadershippositionintheparty.
13
R.G.Sutter,ChineseForeignRelations:PowerandPolicysincetheColdWar,Plymouth,
2010,p.1.
14
D.M.Lampton,“China’sForeignandNationalSecurityPolicy-MakingProcess:IsIt
ChangingandDoesItMatter?,”in:D.M.Lampton(ed.),TheMakingofChineseForeign
andSecurityPolicy,StanfordUniversityPress,2001,p.2.
8
ThePolishQuarterlyofInternationalAffairs,2017,no.3
