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Introduction
ThesilverfirAbiesalbaMill.isamountainspeciesnativetocentraland
southEuropeantypeofrangethatreachesthelowlandsatthenorthernpart
ofitsdistribution(Białobok1983;Danielewicz2012).Itslatitudinalrange
includesthemostnorthernsitesintheBiałowieżaPrimaevalForest,thatis,the
TisovikreserveinBelarus(Szafer1920;Korczyketal.1997),aswellasthe
AspromonteMts.(Calabria,Italy),thePyrenees,andothersouthernlocalities,
forexample,theStaraPlaninainBulgaria.Itsaltitudinalrangeincreasesfrom
northtosouthfrom150ma.s.l.intheTisovikreserveuptoforexample
800—1800(2100)ma.s.l.intheApennines,600—1900ma.s.l.intheItalian
Alps,900—1800(2100)ma.s.l.inthePyrenees,and(400)1000—2000ma.s.l.
intheStaraPlanina(Białobok1983).
Thesilverfirisazonalspecies(Kornaś1955;Zając1996;Zemanek,Win-
nicki1999).However,itsdistributionwithinthecompactrangeinPolandis
diversified.Actually,itssmallshareisnoticeableintheSudetes,andnearby
plateausandforelands(Danielewicz2012).Firaggregationsaremainlyfoundin
theCarpathians,theHolyCrossregion(GóryŚwiętokrzyskie)(Dziubałtowski
1928;Głazek,Wolak1991)andtheRoztoczeregion(Izdebskietal.1992).At
someplacesintheabove-mentionedmountainsanduplandregions,firaggrega-
tionscomprisealmostpurestandsormixedstandswithotherimportantforest
canopy-formingspeciessuchas:beech,oak,hornbeam,pine,andspruce(Fig.1).
Theupperlimitoftheoccurrenceoffiriswelldocumented,forexample
intheTatras,whereitreaches1450ma.s.l.(Komornicki1974),theBieszczady
Mts.1260ma.s.l.(Jasiewicz1965;Zemanek,Winnicki1999),theBeskid
ŻywieckiMts.,onMt.Babia,oronMt.Pilsko(Celiński,Wojterski1978;
Obidowicz2004;Paruseletal.2004).Ontheotherhand,thelowerlimitof
itsrangebothinthemountainsandinthefoothills(Stachurska1998),and
especiallyintheuplandsandinthelowlandsisunclearanddifficulttofind.
Thereasonsare:transformationsoftheprimaryforestareasintoarablefields
andonsomeareas,averysharpreconstructionbyforestmanagement.Asare-
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