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ChapterOne:Academicreflectionsonthephenomenonofadvertising
10202010Code-mixinginadvertising
Focusingfirstontheelementsrelatedtoquitenarrowlyunderstoodlanguage
use,letusstartwiththereflectionuponthestudiesofborrowingsincommercials.
Manyworksoflargerandsmallersizehavebeendevotedtothisissue.Whenitcomes
tothebookformat,wecouldmentionChłopickiandŚwiątek’sstudyofanglicisms
inPolishadvertisements(2000).Thewholebookisdevotedtothediligentandex-
haustiveanalysisofvariouselementsoftheEnglishlanguagefoundinPolishcom-
mercials.Theauthorsapplyanormativeandevaluativebiasinthebook,pointingto
amultitudeofproblemscausedbyadvertisers’incompetentapplicationofelements
notproperlyunderstoodorsufficientlyreflecteduponpriortothecompositionof
themessage.Theypartlyabsolvethecopywritersoftheresponsibilitybyreferring
tothefunctionalperspectiveoftheuseofEnglishborrowings,asquiteoftenthey
arenotmeanttobethoroughlyunderstood,butmerelyrecognisedassymbolsof
certainclaimsorvalues.Twootherbookswherethemotifofitemsborrowedfrom
otherlanguagesisalsothemostimportantconstituentofthestructureandargu-
mentationareKelly-Holmes(2004)andMartin(2006).Kelly-Holmes’sbookisan
impressivestudyofthefunctionalandmotivationalissuesrelatedtomultilingual-
isminthediscourseofadvertisinginmanycountriesoftheworld,whileMartin’s
interestsaremoreClocal’
,focusingprimarilyonthecomplicatedroletheEnglish
languageplaysinFrenchadvertising.RelatedissuesarealsodiscussedinTanaka’s
(1994)accountofadvertisinginJapan,wheremanyEnglishborrowingswerefound
andgrantedauthor’sforemostattention.Hermerén(1999),ontheotherhand,fo-
cusedontheentireadvertisementspublishedworldwideintheEnglishlanguage,
thelinguafrancaofcontemporarycommerce.
Manyjournalarticlesandbookchaptersaddressthisissueaswell:Baumgard-
ner(2006;2008),Bhatia(1992),Chen(2006),CheshireandMoser(1994),P
.Fried-
rich(2002),Gerritsen(1995),Gerritsenetal.(2000),Gerritsenetal.(2007),Haar-
mann(1984),Hsu(2008),Kelly-Holmes(2000),Martin(2002a;2002b;2007),
Piller(2001),Schaller-Schwaner(2003),Sun(2007),Takahashi(1990),Ustinova
andBhatia(2005),Ustinova(2006),Wojtaszek(2004a)andZabawa(2004;2007;
2009a),tomentionbutafew.Theyallattempttoanalysetheformandfunctionof
elementsborrowedfromotherlanguagesincommercialsofvarioustypes,andthey
allinvariablytestifytothesignificantrolewhichsuchelementsperforminnation-
aladvertising.Inmanyadvertisementsforeignlanguageelementsperformpurely
symbolicfunctions,aimedatevokingspecificconnotationsrelatedtotheproduct
quality,originality,exoticism,technologicaladvancementorstatus.Thus,theEng-
lishlanguagesymbolicallyembodiescivilisationaldevelopment,internationalism,
theUnitedStatesortheworldofbusinessandcommerce,Frenchisrelatedtocui-
sine,refinementandperfumes,Germanrepresentsexcellenceindesignandqual-
ity,andSwedishepitomisessimplicityandsturdiness.
Thepapersmentionedabovealsoshowtheintricatewaysinwhichforeign(main-
lyEnglish)languageelementsareinterestinglyblendedwiththelanguagesoflo-