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1.2.Thescopeofanalysis
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calcommunitiestoservevariouspersuasive,associativeandinnovativepurposes.
ThisisespeciallytrueofMartin’s(2002a),(2002b),(2006),(2007)and(2008)stud-
ies,whereshedemonstrateshowtheadvertisersmanagetocircumventthelegal
restrictionsintroducedbytheToubonLaworhowtheycreatenewmeaningsand
sensesbyingeniouscode-mixing.
TheactmentionedaboveisthemostimportantpieceofFrenchlegislationpro-
tectingtheFrenchlanguagefromallforeign(especiallyEnglish)influencesand
safeguardingcomprehensibilityandintelligibilityofalltextsfortheFrench.Arti-
cles2and12ofthisactstipulatethatequallylegible,audibleandintelligibleFrench
translationsmustbeprovidedforallforeignlanguagematerialinprint,radioand
televisionadvertisingdistributedinFrance(Martin,2007,p.173).Thecomplete
textoftheToubonlawcanbefoundinFrench,German,andEnglishontheFrench
MinistryofCulture’swebsiteatwww.culture.gouv.fr.
Withoutanyintentiontounderestimatethevalueofthestudiesmentionedabove,
onecommenthastobemaderelatedtoacertainmethodologicalproblem,render-
ingthecomparisonofthefindingsalittlecomplicated.Theproblemisrelatedto
thedefinitionofborrowing,oraforeignlanguageitem,whichconstitutestheob-
jectofinvestigation.Someauthorschosenottoexplicitlydefinethephenomenon
underinvestigation(Ustinova,2006),someuseaselectedlexicographicpointofref-
erence,e.g.adictionary(Gerritsen,Korzilius,VanMeurs,&Gijsbers,2000),some
refertootherpublicationswhichdiscussthenatureofborrowings(Baumgardner,
2006),whileothersreallocatetheissueofdefiningtothesphereofthelaw(Mar-
tin,2007).Itisalsopossibletorestrictthestudytocertaincomponentpartsofthe
advertisement,forexampleleavingoutthesignaturelinecontainingthecompany
name,whichleadstoadrasticchangeinthepercentageofthereporteduseoffor-
eignlanguageelements(Chen,2006).Moreover,themanifestationsoftheCforeign
origin’cantakeupdifferentforms,residinginthepronunciation,thescriptwhich
isused(theEnglishRomanalphabetasopposedtotheCyrillic,Arabic,logograph-
icorotherform),thelexicalitemsororthographicmodificationsapplied.
Itisunreasonabletoexpectthatallpublicationswillapplythesame,unifiedper-
spectiveinthedefinitions,giventhevarietyoflanguagesystemsunderconsidera-
tion.Consequently,theimportantthingistopayaverycloseattentiontothisissue
beforeanyattemptsatcomparingtheresultsaremade.Anextendeddiscussionof
thisissueistobefoundinWojtaszek(2010d).
Recently,animportantshifthastakenplaceintheresearchfromthefocuson
borrowingsandloanwordstomoreextendedanalysisofmultilingualisminadver-
tising(Piller,2003).Multilingualdiscoursesaremoreandmorefrequentlyemployed
inadvertisementstoevokeassociationswithvariousculturalstereotypesandindex
theidentitiesrepresentedinthecommercials.Thus,incorporationofvariouslan-
guagesintotheadvertisingcopyhasproducedanothersignificantandincreasing-
lyimportantsiteforlanguagecontact.