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1Introduction
Thethoraxofpsyllidswasdescribedinde-
tailbyStough(1910)inhisworkregarding
thespeciesPachypsyllaceltidismamma(Fletcher,
1883).BasedonAudoin’s(1824)workreferred
toabove,Stough(1910)hascharacterizedthe
individualtagmataofthepsyllids’thoraxbyde-
scribinganddrawingalltheconstituentsclerites.
WhileStough(1910)hasonlyprovidedinforma-
tionregardingasinglespecies,thesubsequent
workwrittenbyCrawford(1914)hasreviewed
7speciesofdifferentgeneraofNewWorldpsyl-
lids.Theauthorattemptedtoindicatehomology
betweentheindividualelementsofthethorax
andtointerprettheirfunctionandorigin.He
hasgivenspecialattentiontothethreeadditional
scleritesbetweentheprothoraxandmesothorax,
theincompletelydevelopedmesopleuralsulcus,
themeso-andmetasternum,aswellasthemeta-
pleurae.Atthesametime,hedisagreedwiththe
interpretationofscleritesproposedbyStoug
(1910)andhascomplementedhisdescriptions
withstructureswhichwerenotincludedearlier.
Moreover,hehasillustratedtheinternalstruc-
tureofthethoraxofpsyllids.Inthatsameyear,
aseriesofworksbyCrampton(1914a,b,c)was
published,inwhichtheauthorhasdiscussedthe
structureofthethoraxofwingedinsects,atthe
sametimeintroducinganumberofmorpho-
logicaltermsappliedindescriptionsofinsects
includingpsyllidsuntilpresent.
Taylor(1918),whilestudyingtheEuglyp-
toneurarobusta(Crawford,1914)andApsylla
cistellata(Buckton,1896)species,attemptedto
reinterprettheillustrations,notionsandconclu-
sionsdrawnfromthestructureofthepsyllids’
thoraxbyCrawford(1914)whileresortingto
theworksofCrampton,referredtoabove.In
thework,theauthorhasalsoincludedcon-
clusionsregardingthethoraxmorphologyof
8contemporarilydistinguishedfamilieswithin
theHomopterasuborderand17familieswithin
theHeteropterasuborder.Basedonthesecon-
clusions,hehasdevelopedageneralstructural
planofHeteropteraandHomoptera.Hehasalso
proposedrelationshipswithintheHemipteraor-
derbasedonthethoraxstructureandprovided
properschematicillustrations.
SubsequentresearcherssuchasBrittain
(1922)andMinkiewicz(1924),whobasedtheir
researchonthePsyllamaliSchmidberger,1836or
Bosselli(1928),studyingthethoraxmorphol-
ogyoftheHomotomaficus(Linnaeus,1758),did
notgobeyondtheschemeprovidedbyCraw-
ford(1914)intheirworks.
ItwasonlyWeber(1929)whodescribedthe
Psyllamaliheadandthoraxstructurewhilepro-
vidingaseriesofnewdataregardingthatpart
ofthebody.Weber’smonographisanaccurate
studyofP
.mali,inwhichtheauthorcharacter-
izedtheexternalandinternalstructuresofthe
headandthoraxandsupplementedthedetailed
descriptionswithexcellentdrawings.Hepre-
sentedthedimensionsandshapesofindividual
scleritesandtheoccurringstructures,aswell
asthecoursesofmostmuscles,theirproximal
anddistalattachmentpointsattheprothorax,
mesothoraxandmetathoraxapodemes.Hewas
thefirsttoindicatethetrochantinalapodemeat
themeso-andmetathoraxandthemodeofat-
tachmentandcourseofthe“pleurotrochantinal
muscles”whichmakepsyllidscapableofjump-
ing.Hisworkincludedacomparisonofthemus-
cularsystemofindividualsectionsofthethorax
andthemechanicsofthepsyllids’muscleswith
otherinsects-bothjumping(Auchenorrhyncha)
andonesthatlackthiscapability(Aphidoidea,
Lepidoptera).Althoughitwaspublishednearly
acenturyago,thedrawingsfromthisworkare
commonlycopiedbymodernresearchers,espe-
ciallyindescriptionsofthepsyllids’muscular
system.
Pflugfelder(1941)publishedamonograph
ofinsectsclassifiedinthecontemporaryPsyllina
suborder,inwhichhehaspresentedthestructure
ofthepsyllids’thoraxwhilequotingdescriptions
andreproducingdrawingsfromtheworksof
Crawford(1914)andWeber(1929).Thiswork
alsoincludedasystematicpart,inwhichthe
authorprovidedthemorphologicalcharacteris-
ticsofspeciesclassifiedinall7contemporarily
distinguishedsubfamiliesofthePsylloideafamily
fromthePsyllinasuborder.Incaseofspecies
from4subfamilies(LiviinaeLöw,Aphalarinae
Löw,PsyllinaeLöwandTriozinaeLöw),the
