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Introduction
authorpointedoutadifferingshapeofthepro-
notumineachsubfamilyasadefiningcharacter.
Auniqueapproachtowardstheanalysesof
psyllids’thoraxmorphologywaspresentedby
Heslop-Harrison(1951),whowaslookingfor
morphologicalcharactersofadultspecimensthat
wouldbeusefulforcreatinganaturaltaxonomic
systemofthePsylloidea.Withinthethorax,he
hasonlyfoundsuchcharactersintheprothorax,
whileregardingtheremainingtwotagmas-the
mesothoraxandmetathorax-asdevoidofsuch
characters.Theauthoranalyzedtheepisternal
scleritesandhasnotedthenumberanddistribu-
tionofstigmasattheperitremes.
Intheintroductionregardingmorphology
inhismonographofpsyllidsfaunaofcon-
temporaryCzechoslovakia,Vondraček(1957)
providedagraphicalpresentationofthedorsal
andlateralArytainagenistae(Latreille,1804)
tagmaofaspeciesthathasnotbeenstudied
before,intheformofgeneraldrawingsdevoid
ofseveralsignificantmorphologicalelements
suchasthepleuralsulci(Lat.suturapro-,meso-,
metapluralis),theadditionalsclerites(Lat.scle-
ritumaccessorium)orthemetathoraxpleurites
(metaepimerum,metaepisternum).
Inhisworkregardingthetaxonomicsystem
ofthecontemporaryPsyllodeainfraorder,Kli-
maszewski(1964)analyzedthestructureofthe
thoraxforthepurposesofcomparinghigher
taxonomicunits-families.Theauthoranalyzed
themorphologyof13speciesofpsyllidsand
provedthattherelationsbetweenthepronotum,
mesopraescutumandmesoscutummaybeused
forinferringlineagesandrelationsbetweenspe-
ciesfromindividualfamilies.Hepointedout
thewidepronotumandrelativelyevendevelop-
mentofthemesopraescutumandmesoscutum
asplesiomorphiccharactersandundermined
thecommonopinionthatthedevelopmentof
themeracanthusisanapomorphiccharacter.
Theauthorbasedhisconclusionsmostlyonhis
ownresearch,includinghisowndescriptions
anddrawings,andonthedataoftwospecies
describedintheliterature(Crawford1914,We-
ber1929).Itwasthefirstcomparativeanalysis
ofthoraxmorphologyofpsyllidsclassifiedin
individualfamiliesdistributedallovertheworld,
13
whereasCrawford(1914)onlybasedhiswork
onNearcticmaterial.
AlsotheworkbyTremblay(1965)issig-
nificantintheviewofstudyingthethoraxof
psyllids.Theauthorwasthefirsttodescribethe
TriozatremblayiWagner,1961andtoadaptthe
nomenclatureconcerningthemorphologyofthe
thoraxofinsectsprovidedearlierbySnodgrass
(1908,1909,1927,1935).Itwasthefirsttimethat
Snodgrass’terminologywasappliedindescrib-
ingpsyllids.
Apartfromdescribingthemorphologyofthe
thoraxofinsectsclassifiedin30orders,Matsu-
da(1970)alsodiscussedtheprobableevolution
ofindividualelementsofthethorax,homolo-
giesbetweenitsrespectivepartsandthemain
evolutionarychangesinthemuscularsystem
ofimagoandnymphs.Healsointroducednew
morphologicaltermsuseduptonow,suchasthe
anapleuralcleft(Lac.suturaanapleuralis),thatis
thecleftdividingthepleuraintothedorsaland
ventralparts.Forthatpurposetheauthorused
thedrawingsoftergitesandpleuritesfromthe
workbyWeber(1929).
BasedonthenomenclatureprovidedbyMat-
suda,JournetandVickery(1978)conducted
astudyofthemorphologyofadultinsectsand
NearcticlarvaeofspeciesclassifiedasCrasped-
oleptaEnderlein,1921.Theypresentedtheirown
drawingsofindividualelementsofthesegments
inconcern,whichhascontributedtothegeneral
knowledgeoftheirmorphology.
Furtherdevelopmentsindiscoveringthetho-
raxstructurewereduetotheworksbyHodkin-
sonandWhite(1979),BrownandHodkinson
(1988),Ossiannilsson(1992).Intheintroduc-
tionstotheirworks,theauthorsdiscussedthe
morphologicalstructureofpsyllids,thusstan-
dardizingtheterminologyusedindescribing
psyllids.Inallworksreferredtoabove,however,
theauthorsneglectedtheventralside.
Intheirwork,Ouvrardetal.(2002)de-
scribedthestructureofthepleuronin7species
from3selectedfamilies-withconsideration
giventobothinternalandexternalsides.The
authorspointedouttheelementsofthethorax
whicharecharacteristiconlytopsyllids,suchas
thetransepimeralsulcusinthemesothorax,the
