Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
Cadmiumdepositioninwater,sediments
andtissuesofaquaticanimals
GrzegorzFormicki,RobertStawarz,PeterMassányi,
NorbertLukáč,MarekGuzik
Introduction
Tereareseveralsourcesofcadmiumpollutionintheaquaticenvironment.
Anthropogenicsourcesincludesmelteremissionandtheapplicationof
fertilisersandsewagesludgetoland(Torton,1992).Cadmiumisametal
withnobiologicalfunctionsinanimals.Teharmfulefectsofcadmium
resultinagenerationofreactiveoxygenspecies,DNAdamage,antagonism
withcalcium,enzymeinactivationandalterationofmanyphysiologicalpa-
rameters(Nathetal.,1984;Massanyietal.,1995;Casalinoetal.,2000;
Kramarovaetal.,2005;Kolesarovaetal.,2008).Cadmiumcontamination
oftheaquaticenvironmentisasubjectofseriousconcernsincethemetal
entersthefoodchainendangeringanimalandhumanhealth.Ontheother
hand,toxicityofcadmiumdependsonitsavailabilitytoorganisms.Bio-
availabilityofcadmiumandotherheavymetalsinaquaticecosystemsis
acomplexproblem.Tesametotalconcentrationofheavymetalsindifer-
entwatersmostoftenexhibitsdiferentavailability(Santoreetal.,2002).
Tesediferencesmayalsoberelatedtogeneticvariabilityorphysiological
performanceoforganisms.Furthermore,theavailabilityofheavymetalsis
stronglyrelatedtotheirchemicalforms.Ionicandhydratedformsofheavy
metalsareconsideredtobethemostdangerousbecauseoftheirhightox-
icity(Martellietal.,2006).Ontheotherhand,freeionicformsofheavy
metalsarepresentinaquaticecosystemsinrelativelylowconcentrations
becauseoftheirbindingtonumerousligands(Voetsetal.,2004).Bioavail-
abilityofheavymetalsismainlyrelatedtowaterhardness(Ca2+,Mg2+),
5
