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Equivalence
7.8Wordsandterms-typologyoftranslationtexts
Theexamplesin(3)abovearemostlyterms.Therelationshipbetweenwordsin
generallexiconofalanguageandwordswhichcanbeidentifiedastermsisnot
easytodefine(Sager1986,Cabré1992).Toputitbriefly,termsarethelexical
unitsassignedauniquesenseandidentifiedwithreferencetoonlyoneconcep-
tualsystemorarestrictedknowledgedomainase.g.theconceptoflightinthe
wavetheoryortheconceptofgrammarinthelinguistictransformational-
generativetheory.BoththeunderstandingoftermsinaSLaswellastheirTL
equivalentspresupposefamiliaritywiththeuniqueconceptualsystemunderlying
atheoryagivenconceptisapartof.
Eachlinguisticvarietycharacteristicofagivenrestricteddomain(referred
toassublanguagesinsomepublications)isassociatedwithitsownontology,i.e.
ahierarchicalsystemoftermsrepresentingthispartoftheoutsidereality,such
ase.g.contractlawornuclearphysics.Contrarytotheputativelyuniversalon-
tologiescreated(or,sometimesperhaps,discovered)byphilosophers(seeFig.
4asanexampleoftheuniversaltop-branchedontologyCasati1998),whoseaim
istoaccountforthestructureoftheuniverseinalanguageandinadomain-
neutralfashion,contemporaryontologiesinvolvedincomputer-basedconceptual
modellingareinthemajorityofcasesdomain-specifictaxonomies(seeLewan-
dowska-Tomaszczyk2003,2005).
Theoldestlanguage-basedontologicalmodelscomefromlexicographicma-
terialandcanbefoundinthesauriofvariouoskindsstartingfrommedievalen-
cyclopaedicglossariesuptomodernthesaurisuchasthewidely-usedRoget)s
Thesaurus.Suchcommon-sensemodelsarebasedonwhatisfrequentlyreferred
toasnaivephysicsand,stemmingfromit,linguisticmodelsincorporatingnaive
orfolk-modelsemantics.
(4)
1.Objects,NaturalUnitsandNaturalKinds
2.Events,ProcessesandCausality
3.Stuffs,StatesofMatter,Qualities
4.Surfaces,Limits,Boundaries,Media
5.Motivation,Requiredness,Value
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