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KatarzynaZawalińska,AnnaCiechomska,BłażejJendrzejewski
d)apaymentforyoungfarmerswhocommencetheiragriculturalactivity(up
to2%ofnationalenvelope);
e)avoluntarycoupledsupportscheme(upto15%ofnationalenvelope);
f)avoluntarysimplifiedschemeforsmallfarmers(upto10%ofnational
envelope);
andinspecificcases:
g)acropspecificpaymentforcotton;
h)aframeworktoenableBulgaria,CroatiaandRomaniatocomplementdirect
payments.
Hence,allocationofnationalenvelopesfordirectpaymentscanvarysubstan-
tiallyamongtheMemberStates.Althoughallofthemaredeclaredasdecoupledor
areapayments(EC2013a,p.148)itisclearthattheirimpactmaydiffersubstantially
-wecanwellbelievethatsupportforsmallfarmersviadirectpaymentsmayrather
leadtoextensificationofproduction,whilesupportforyoungfarmersviadirect
paymentsmayincreaseinvestment.Hence,moremicro-evidenceisneededin
ordertomodelthosepaymentsinappropriateway.Soitismorecomplexthanin
thepreviousperiod,whendistinguishingthedegreeofdecouplingwasthemain
challenge.Allinall,shiftingofPillar2fundstoPillar1requiresfirst:ex-ante
assumptionsorex-postknowledgeonhowthefundsaredistributedamongthe
compositionofBPS(orSAPS,forMemberStateswhicharestillallowedtocontinue
thesystemupto2020).Second,modellersneedtotakeintoaccountthatPillar
1fundsdonotrequire25%ofco-financing,sotheshiftreducesthenationalbudget
contribution,henceitinfluencestheshockcompositionandmayhaveanimpact
onclosureinthemodel.
Asformodellingtheshiftinoppositedirection-fromPillar1toPillar2-many
studieswereconductedbefore(e.g.Psaltopoulosetal.2012;Hyytiä2013;Nowicki
etal.2009;Zawalińska2011)andthechallengestandsmainlyinthefactthatitis
difficulttopredictex-antesharesoffundsgoingtoparticularmeasures,asthey
aredemanddriven,andalsoinmodellingofverydiversifiedandusoft”measures
(i.e.non-investmentmeasures).Thestudiesusuallyassumedthesamesharesof
themeasureswithinPillar2aftershiftingPillar1fundsorpurposelydirectedthe
amountoffundstothePillar2measuresoftheirchoice.
2.2.Degressivity(reductionofdirectpayments)
InthecurrentbudgetaryperioduMemberStatesshallreducetheamountof
paymentstobegrantedtoafarmerinagivencalendaryearbyatleast5%forthe
partoftheamountexceedingEUR150,000”(EC2013a).Hence,thereductionis
mandatorybutonlythebasicpaymentorsingleareapaymentiscountedinthis
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WieśiRolnictwo4(173)/2016