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KatarzynaZawalińska,AnnaCiechomska,BłażejJendrzejewski
a)permanentgrassland(PG):MemberStatesshalldesignatepermanentgrasslands
thatareenvironmentallysensitiveandthatneedstrictprotection,includingin
peatsandwetlands.Theratioofthelandunderpermanentgrasslandinrelation
tothetotalagriculturalareadeclaredbythefarmersmaybereduced,butnot
morethan5%comparedtoareferenceratioestablishedin2015.
b)cropdiversification:ifarablelandofthefarmercoversbetween10and30hec-
taresthereshallbeatleasttwodifferentcropsonthatarablelandandthemain
cropshallnotcovermorethan75%ofthatland.Formorethan30hectares
thereshallbeatleastthreedifferentcropsandthemaincropshallnotcover
morethan75%ofthatarablelandandthetwomaincropstogethershallnot
covermorethan95%.Farmsupto10haareexempted.
c)EcologicalFocusAreas(EFAs):areasequivalenttoatleast5%(after2016an
increaseto7%willbeconsidered)ofafarmer’seligiblelandisusedforeco-
logicalpurposes1.HabitatsandfeaturesthatwouldbeeligibletofulfiltheEFA
requirementmayinclude:fallowlands,terraces,landscapefeatures,buffer
strips,andareasafforestedunderPillar2.
FurtherdetailsconcerningalltheconditionsaredefinedbytheECunderthe
implementinglegislation.Organicproducersreceiveaugreening”top-upwithout
havingtoimplementthesemeasures.FarmerswhosefarmsarecoveredbyNatura
2000schemeorbytheWildBirdsDirectivearerequiredtocarryouttheactivitiesto
alevelwheretheyarecompatiblewiththemanagementrequirementsofthosesites.
Farmersthatapplyforthesmallfarmers’schemeareexemptfromtheugreening”
requirements.
ThegreeningoftheCAPwithinCGEcanbeanalysedasitwasdonewithin
theCAPRIpartialequilibriummodel(seee.g.Wąsetal.2013).However,an
additionaldifficultyinmodellingtheugreening”inthenewbudgetaryperspective
isthatthereareCgreeningequivalents’introducedtothepolicy.Itmeansthat
certainenvironmentalpracticesprovidedbyfarmerse.g.withintheenvironmental
measuresofPillar2aretreatedasequivalentstotheugreening”requirementsunder
Pillar1.Thoseequivalentsarejustifiedatthepolicylevelbyavoidanceofdouble
fundingasfarmerscannotbepaidtwiceforthesameservices.
Fromthemodellingpointofviewitposeshigherdifficulty,asonehastobe
carefulifcertainenvironmentalservicesaremodelledunderPillar1orPillar2.
Thoseverydetailedenvironmentalrequirementsatfarmlevelimposechallengein
modellingCAPwithineconomy-widemodelsasCGEs,wheresinglefarmersarenot
representedandregionalaggregationmaybedifficultbecausetheremaybeseveral
1However,permanentgrasslandisexcludedfromthecalculation.
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WieśiRolnictwo4(173)/2016