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negotiationswithinWTO.Itwasespeciallyevidentinthenegotiationson
loweringcustomsdutiesandnon-tariffmeasuresinsteel,shipbuilding,textile
andclothingindustries,andincoalmining.Intheso-called“sensitive”industries,
which,forexample,intheEuropeanUnionwereunderspecialtradeprotection,
thepositionoftradeunionswasverystrong.
5.FoodProducersPressures
ThebiggestconflictsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionwithin
WTOwerecausedbyagriculturalproblemsalsoduringtheDohaRound.The
governmentsofthetwoeconomicpowerswereinmanytimesunderavery
strongpressureoffoodproducers,whohadproblemswiththesaleofagricultural
productssurplusesinthesituationoftheshrinkingworldmarketandlowerprices.
Theproblemofliberalizationofagriculturalproductstradingislinkedtothe
problemofsubsidiesapplication.AccordingtotheWTOdecisions(art.XVI),
exportsoftheagriculturalproducts,asso-calledbasicgoods,canbesubsidized,if
thisfactdoesnotinterferewiththeeconomicinterestsofotherparticipantsofthe
agreement.Actually,subsidizingexportsofagriculturalproductsmayhavemany
differentforms,startingwithadirectsubsidy,throughvariablecompensatory
fees,andfinallythroughvariousformsofgovernmentguaranteesandpreferential
credits.Intheministersdeclarationwereadonlyaboutabetterdisciplineamong
themembersofWTO.Thetotalprohibitionofsubsidieswouldbethesimplest
course,butitdoesnotseemtoberealisticmybeafter2013.
InanefforttolimittheEUbudgetexpenseforsubsidizingagricultural
products,itwasdecided,amongotherthings,thatincaseoffats,themoney
willbetransferredfromtheprocessingsectortotheproductionsector.Instead
ofcompensatingtheindustryforhighercostsofpurchasingmoreexpensive,
localrawmaterials(thepricespaidtothegrowersofrapeorsunflowerinthe
EUaremuchhigherthantheworldprices),itwasdecidedthatsubsidieswould
godirectlytofarmers,andthesizeoffarmswastobethebasisforcalculations.
Atthesametime,theUnionauthoritiesdisclosedthattheywillbetryingto
reducegraduallythoseexpensesbyreducingguaranteedprices.
Thisreformwasthefirstinwhichtheattemptwasmadetoeliminate
thestructuralsurpluses,thesurpluseswhichhadbeendisorganizingtheEU
agriculturalmarketandtheinternationaltradeformanyyears.Itisworth
pointingoutherethatthedirectresultofannouncedchangesintheagricultural
policyoftheEUmaynotbefavourableintheabroad.Thesimplestformof
compensationforfarmersareusuallytherestrictionsforthesuppliersfrom
abroad.TheagriculturallobbyinFranceisespeciallyactiveinthisarea.As
aresultofitsactivityandthepressureexertedonthegovernmenttheagricultural
