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CHAPTERI
goodsfromabroadhavebeensuccessfullyblockedfromtheEUmarket.The
positiontakenbythatagriculturallobbyinfluencedalsothepositionoftheEU
representativesinthedebatesontheagriculturalquestionsduringthemultilateral
tradenegotiationsalsointheframeworkoftheDohaRound.
Inspiteofthetradeconflicts,mostclearlyvisibleintheUSA-theEU
relations,allthecountriesparticipatingintheinternationaltradewereinterested
inthesuccessfuloftheinternationaltradenegotiations.Thereductionorthe
eliminationoftraderestrictionsstimulatessignificantlythegrowthoftheworld
tradeexchange,whiletheforeigntrade,inturn,isanimportantfactorofthe
economicgrowthofindividualcountries.
6.InternationalTradeLiberalizationandEnvironmentalProtection
Thetendenciestoliberalizetheinternationaltradeoftenstandinclearconflict
withtheprotectionofthenaturalenvironmentwhich,duringtheintensification
ofproduction,founditselfinthecenterofattention.Theprocessofpollution
wasoneofthenegativeresultsofscientific-technologicalrevolution.Many
countriesintroducedspeciallegalregulationsinordertoprotecttheenvironment
againstpollution.Ecologicalorganizationsofdifferenttypeswereestablished,
andalsothepressuregroups,especiallyinindustrializedcountries,interestedin
theuseoftraderestrictionsbygovernmentsforprotectionoftheenvironment.
Thepressuregroupsactingfornaturalenvironmentprotectionseethetrade
policyintwoaspects:asthewayofimprovementthestandardsofenvironmental
protectioninindividualcountriesandovertheirborders,andastheinstrumentfor
persuadingthosecountriestosigntheinternationalagreementsonenvironmental
protection.Theimportsrestrictionsagainsttheproducerscomingfromthe
countrieswithlowstandardsofenvironmentalprotectionmayleadtothe
improvementofproductionstandardsbythelocalcompaniesresultingfrom
fightingwithlowcompetitiveness,andfromtheattemptstocompetewithforeign
firms(Anderson,1997).
Theapplication,intradepolicy,ofdiscriminatingmeansinrelationtothe
environment,whichhappenedinthecountriesofwesternEurope,isinaccordance
withthearticleXXofWTO,andittestifiestothefactthattradebarriersareused
fortheprotectionoftheenvironment.Thus,theactivitiesrelatedtoenvironmental
protectionareinconflictwiththetendenciesleadingtointernationaltrade
liberalization,andwithhigherinvestments.Fromthetheoreticalpointofview,
wecannotsaythattradeliberalizationmayhelptheenvironmentalprotection,
especiallywhenseriousstepshavetobetakeninordertoprotectthisenvironment
againstfurtherdegradation(Chichilnisky,1994;seealsoCoplandandTaylor,
1995;Corden,1996).Ontheotherhand,whensomegovernmentfinditselfin
