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DorotaWerbińska,Successfulforeignlanguageteachinginaglobalizedworld
Then,theglobalizationwave,itsprinciplesandrecommendationsarepresented,
whichisfollowedbythediscussionofthreeclassroomactivitiesthatwellreflect
thecurrentunderstandingsoflanguageteachingefectiveness:theconceptual
map,theflippedclassroomandtheduoethnographicdialogue.
2.Threewavesofsuccessfullanguageteaching
Aslanguagepermeateshumanexperienceandconstitutesacharacteristicfe-
atureofhumanbeings,thedefinitionoflanguageiscloselyrelatedtoadefinition
ofpeople.Despitethewaylanguageispresented,forthepurposeofunderstan-
dingitsrelevanceforlanguageteaching,itisconsideredfromthreebroadangles:
languageassystem,languageasdiscourse,andlanguageasideology.Although
thesethreeconceptualvantagepointswereoriginallydescribedbyKumarava-
divelu[2006],theycanbefoundanalogoustothethreewavesofsuccessfultea-
chingthatarediscussedhere:thelinguisticwave,thecommunicativewave,and
theglobalizationwave.
2.1.Thelinguisticwave
Thekindofteachinginwhichaforeignlanguageisconsideredasystemdivi-
dedintocomponentsthatworkintandeminacoherentandsystematicwaycan
becalledthelinguisticwavepopularinthe1960s.Understoodasasetofgramma-
tical,morphologicalandphonologicalrule-governedelementstobemasteredby
students,languageistaughtsuccessfullywhenitisdividedintofragments,that
isitssystemsandsubsystems.Chomsky’s[1965]theoryoflinguisticcompetence,
whichsubsumesphonological,syntactic,andsemanticsubsystems,comestothe
fore.Inthelinguisticwavestudents’needsareinsignificantandagoodteacheris
onewhosestudentscreategrammaticallycorrectdialoguesonagiventopic,use
advancedvocabularyandhavenative-likepronunciation.Inotherwords,they
aretaughtaforeignlanguagethatislookeduponasacognitiveandpsychologi-
calmechanism,orasysteminKumaravadivelu’s[2006]words.
2.2.Thecommunicativewave
Undertheinfluenceofthedevelopmentsinsociolinguisticsinthe1970sand
1980s,achangeintheperceptionoflanguagetookplace.Itwasdiscoveredthat
thelinguisticwavehardlysucceededinpreparinglearnersforusingalanguage,
thatlanguagefunctionsaremoreimportantthangrammatical,morphological
andphonologicalrules,andthatlanguageuseissupremetolanguageusage.
Inordertoexpandthenotionofcompetence,DelHymespositedtheconceptof
communicativecompetence,whichHisdependentuponboth(tacit)knowledge
and(abilityfor)use”[1972:282].Communicativecompetencemeansknowing
notonlytherulesofgrammaticalusagebutalsotherulesofcommunicativeuse.
