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INTRODUCTION
PUNISHMENTANDCRIMINALPOLICYASELEMENTS
OFAPARTICULARSOCIALWORLD
Manisasocialbeing.Thisstatementneedstobecon-
encesarisepreciselyfromthisfactaswellasfromthenecessity
stantlytakenintoaccountbyeverystudentandan-
alystofsociety.Thepeculiaritiesofthehumansci-
tostudythecomplexanddiverse—andoftentoaconsider-
ableextentsocialandcultural—factorsdetermininghumans
inordertounderstandtheirwayofbeingintheworld,aworld
theyatthesametimefindpre-existingandremake.Ahuman
constantlyperformsdualroles:simultaneouslyacreatorand
aconsumerofthisworld,ajudgeandaperpetrator,anobserv-
erandanactingsubject.Insocialanalyses,boththeresearcher
andtheresearchedbringintotheendeavourtheirphysicali-
tyapartfromtheirspirituality,materialconditionsapartfrom
culturalconditioning,rationalelementsapartfromemotion-
alones,theirhistoryandvisionofthefuture.Inmanyways,
thisposesamethodologicalchallenge,intensifiedespeciallyby
theblurringofthelinebetweentheworldofthestudiedob-
jectandthatoftheknowingsubject.Thisproblemisabsent
inbothexactandnaturalsciences,whoselanguagesdescribe
worldsdistinctfromthesocialhistoryoftheresearcherorthe
studiedobject.Thehistoryofdevelopmentofthosesciencesre-
mainsentirelyautonomousfromtheircurrentcontent—the
knowledgewithinthosedisciplinescanbeseparatedfromthe
knowledgeaboutandanalysisofpastresearchwithoutany
harmtothecurrentstateoftheart;exactandnaturalsci-
encescanbesafelypracticedwithoutunderstandingthesocial
