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Introduction
orientedtowardshumandignityandhumanrights.9Toillus-
tratethispoint,letusquoteLoïcWacquant’sviewonthe“Zero
Tolerance”programme,theeagerpromotionofwhichhasnot
bypassedPoland:
Inreality
,thełpropositionsofthenew“made-in-USA”security
vulgatenowbeingdiffusedthroughoutWesternEuropearede-
voidofscientificvalidity
,andtheirpracticalefficacyrestsonacol-
lectivefaithwithoutfoundationinreality
.łBygivingapseu-
doacademicwarranttosweepingpoliceactivism,thesescholarly
mythscontributepowerfullytolegitimatingtheshifttowardthe
penalmanagementofthesocialinsecuritythatiseverywherebe-
inggeneratedbythesocialandeconomicdisengagementofthe
state.10
InviewoftheEuropeanresolvetobuildknowledge-based
societies,therecommendationtoselectcriminalpolicyinac-
cordancewithscientificallyestablishedcharacteristicsofthe
socialenvironmentinquestionseemsobvious.Whatisalso
currentlyrequired,however,isaclearspecificationoftheaxi-
ologicalandtheoreticalfoundationsforcriminaljusticestud-
ies.For,asDarioMelossirightlypointsout,noresearchor
methodologicalpremiseswithincriminologycanavoidbeing
incorporatedintowhatonemightcalltheZeitgeist,determin-
ingthescholars’lives,theaimsoftheirresearchandthein-
terpretationoftheresultsthereof.11LikeinMelossi’swork,
9Cf.JamesQ.Whitman,HarshJustice.CriminalPunishmentandtheWidening
DividebetweenAmericaandEurope,OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford–NewYork
2003;RichardSparks,Statesofinsecurity
.Punishment,populismandcontemporary
politicalculture,in:TheUseofPunishment…,p.149–174;MarcellusAndrews,
Punishment,marketsandtheAmericanmodel.AnessayonanewAmericandilem-
ma,in:TheUseofPunishment…,p.116–148;JoeSim,PunishmentandPrisons,
PowerandtheCarceralState,Sage,LosAngeles–London2009;DouglasHusak,
Overcriminalization.TheLimitsoftheCriminalLaw,OxfordUniversityPress,Ox-
ford–NewYork2008.
10LoïcJ.D.Wacquant,PunishingthePoor…,p.269.Foranequallycriticalap-
praisalofthedubiousattemptsatintroducing“zerotolerance”programmes
inPolishconditions,see:WitoldKlaus,Zapobieganieprzestępczości—polityka
społecznaprzeciwdziałającawykluczeniu[Crimeprevention—ananti-exclusivesocial
policy],in:KonradBuczkowskietal.,Społeczno-politycznekontekstywspółczesnej
przestępczościwPolsce[Socio-PoliticalAspectsofCrimeinContemporaryPoland],Sed-
no,Warszawa2013,p.185–192.
11DarioMelossi,ControllingCrime,ControllingSociety
.ThinkingaboutCrimein
EuropeandAmerica,PolityPress,Cambridge–Malden,MA2008,p.251.
