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JacekRaciborski,WojciechRafałowski
culturaldimensionsinconstructionofthisform
ofcollectiveconsciousnesstraditionallyreferred
toasthenationalidentity(Tilly,1975;Gellner,
1983).Regardlessofthebigwaveofthereturn
ofnationalismcurrentlyobservedinEurope
thatattenuatesthecivicdimensionasasource
ofnationalsolidarity,thereisrationalebehindseeing
theoppositeprocess:thereleasingofcivicidentity
fromundertheweightofnationalconsciousness
(Delanty,2000;Habermas,1992).Thequestion
ofthecomponentsordimensionsofnational
identityissubjecttolivelydebateinliterature
(Kunovich,2009;Jones&Smith,2001;Hjerm,
1998).Theoppositionthatismostcommonly
exposedisonebetweentheethnicandthecivic
conceptionsofthenationand,accordingly,ethnic,
andcivicidentities(Brubaker1996;Shulman,
2002;Zubrzycki,2001).
Themaincontributionofthisarticleisapro-
positionofanovelconceptofstateidentityasan
individual-levelphenomenon,theoreticallylinking
theprevalenceofattitudesrelatedtothelattertoboth
pastlegaciesandcontemporarylivingconditions
ofcitizensandempiricaldemonstrationofits
diversityamongthenationsofEuropeaswellas
thatwhichpeopleexperienceintheireverydaylife
ashavingacrucialroleindeterminingtheintensity
ofstateidentity.
Definingstateidentity
Basedonthegiveninspirations,inthecon-
ceptualisationofourresearchweproposeadis-
tinctionbetweenethnicidentity,basedonindi-
vidualrelationstoaculturally-understoodethnic
communityorganisedwithinastate(language,
values,myths,commonpast),andstateidentity,
whosefoundationistherelationshipofcitizens
withthestateasacommunityofcitizens.Wetreat
theseformsofidentityasrelativelyautonomous
dimensionsofnationalidentitythatcanbestudied
separately.Inthisarticlewewanttofocuson
thestateidentity.Thisrequirestheindicating
ofthemeansofmanifestationofstateidentity
intheconsciousnessofindividuals.Typicalin-
dicatorsoftheconnectionofanindividualtothe
stateareasfollows:a)theawarenessofbelongingto
aparticularcountryandasenseofconnectionwith
thatcountry;b)theawarenessofone’srightsand
obligations,thebeliefthatcitizenshipis4theright
tohaverights’(Arendt,ascitedinSomers,2008,
p.5);c)thebeliefthatthestate,whosecitizenone
is,isbetterthanothercountriesinsomeimportant
respects;d)locationinageographicalspacedefined
bythebordersofthestate(4stateismerelyand
essentiallyanarena,aplace,’;Mann,1984,p.187);
ande)atendencytoactivitywithinthestructures
ofacivilsociety(Turner,1993;Shotter,1993;
Somers,2008).
Whatwesuggesthereisadistributiveunder-
standingofstateidentity,asaformofgroup
consciousnessthatmanifestsitselfattheindividual
levelasasetofbeliefsaboutthestateandthecitizens
composingthenation-state.Wedirectlyreferto
thesocialidentitytheoryofHenriTajfel(1981):
individualsperceivethemselvesasbelongingto
somesocialcategories,theyidentifywithother
personsbelongingtothosecategoriesoratleast
theyrefertothem,theysharesomebeliefsand
emotionswiththemandtheir4I’includesavital
featureof4we’.Therefore,individualistically
understoodstateidentityhasasocialcharacteristic
inthesensethatitissociallyendowedandconfirmed
inthecourseofeverydayinteractions.Itisderived
fromsomenormativepatternsincludedinstate-
disseminatedideologiesthrough,forexample,
theeducationsystem(Acuff,2012).
Theconceptof4stateidentity’iscongenialto
4stateidentification’.Weassumethattheformer
referstoidentityunderstoodas4I’,4Self’orto
acertainself-knowledgeoftheagentconsisting
ofrelativelystablebeliefsofanindividualabout
themselvesandtheirattitudestowardsthestateand
fellowcitizens.Theconceptof4stateidentification’
referstotheprocessofself-recognitionandiden-
tifyingoneselfasamemberofaparticularcivic
community;theemphasishereisontheaction,
theprocess-phenomenalimitedintimeand
variable.Identificationdefinedassuchdoesnot
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ZarządzaniePubliczne/PublicGovernance2(44)/2018
