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Lwów(Lemberg,L’viv):Childhood
25
atthistime,1883,RabbiDr.JosephKobakreturnedtoLwówandestablished
MikraKodesh(HolyConvocation)association,47whichbecameforawhile
theirculturalhome.48MikraKodeshwasafreeofchargeacademicassociation
atthegymnasiumlevel,foryoungJewsfromtheageof13(BarMitzvah).
ItseducationalschedulecombinedJewishandreligiousstudieswithsecular
studies,sciences,andHebrewlanguageandliterature,allinthespiritofthe
HaskalahinGalicia49andalsowithJewishnationalandZionistaspirations.
ThetargetgroupsforMikraKodeshweretwodifferentgroupsofJewish
youngsters.Ontheonehand,itcateredthosewhocamefromassimilated
families,educatedinstateschools,wholostcontactwiththeirtradition,
butweredisappointedbyanti-Semitismintheirnon-Jewishenvironment,
andhopedtofindanewidentityinnationalJudaism.50Ontheotherhand,
itattractedyoungboyslikeThonwhostudiedinhederandYeshivaand
whoknewtheJewishtraditionandreligionperfectly,butwereautodidacts
inotherfieldsofknowledge,secularstudies,andsciences,whichwerefor
themafascinatingsphere.ThesecularstudiesinMikraKodeshwerethe
perfecttransitiontoGermangymnasiumforsuchambitiousyoungJews.
ElaBauerclaimsthatMikraKodeshwasthefirststageintheintellectual
andpublicpathofitsmembersandtheframeinwhichyoungpeoplefrom
differentbackgroundbecametheJewishintelligentsiainGalicia.51
Kobakarrangedagroupofstudentsandgymnasiumpupilswho
volunteeredtoteachtheYeshivaboysforfree.FromKobakhimselfthe
pupilscouldlearnmuchaboutWissenschaftdesJudentumsbut,asBraude
emphasized,whatthepupils,amongthemThon,weremostenthusiastic
47AboutMikraKodeshandJosefKobaksee:NathanMichaelGelber,Toldotha-tenu’a
ha-tsiyonitbe-Galitsyah,vol.1(Jerusalem:ReuvenMass,1958),92-146.Abouttheideological
backgroundandatmosphererelatedtotheestablishmentofMikraKodesh,andthe“chaosof
ideas”connectedtoitsee:Shanes,DiasporaNationalism,51-69;Bauer“TheIntellectual”;
EncyclopediaJudaica,vol.13:290;JoshoaShanes,“MikraKodesh,”YIVOEncyclopedia
ofJewsinEasternEurope,vol.II,1169.
48Ehrenpreis,Beynmizrah,24-25
49Bauer,Ela.“Ha-moreshetha-maskilitshelha-inteligentsiaha-yehuditbi-Lvov
ba-asorimha-achronimshelha-meaha-tshaesre,”(paperpresentedattheConference‚Megale
Tmirin:200shanale-haskalatGalitsyah,Jerusalem,December22-25,2013).Incontrast
tothespiritoftheHaskalahofBerlin,ElaBauerunderlinestheimportanceofmaskilim
fromGaliciatothemembersofMikraKodesh,andthedifferencebetweentheHaskalahin
GaliciaandthatofBerlin.
50Shanes,DiasporaNationalism,54-55.ElaBauer,“Ha-moreshetha-maskilit.”
51ElaBauer,“Ha-moreshetha-maskilit.”