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INTRODUCTION
whichruledMacedoniabetween294–168BC,mostprobablyafterAntigonusGonatas(Hammond1988:
268)orafterAntigonusDoson(Merker1965,nonvidi).Despitemanystrongargumentsputforward
insupportofNegotinoGradišteasAntigoneia,suchasthelocationofthetowninrelationtoancientStobi
andStenae(Mikulčić1999:176,335),anditslyingontheVardarandthemainroutefromStobitoTessa-
loniki,itisstilldifculttogiveaclearanswertothequestionofwhethertheremainsofancientstructures
situatedontheNegotinoGradišteplateauaretheremainsoftheancientAntigoneiaornot.Teonlyway
tofindtheanswertothisquestionisforarchaeologiststoundertakefurtherarchaeologicalresearches,not
onlyintheareaoftheplateau,butalsointhewholeareaofthePovardaria.
Lampsinantiquity
TeancientGreeksusedthetermλύχνοςforthelamp.TeRomans,ontheotherhand,usedtwodiler-
entnameslychnusorlucerna(Walters1914:xii).Inarchaeologicalliteraturelampsaregenerallyclassified
asacategoryofpottery(Peña2007:4,20)andareconsequentlysimilarlyclassifiedaccordingtotheirvari-
abilityofform.
Tebasicconstructionalelementsofanancientoillampcomprisethecontainer,nozzle,filling-hole,
wick-holeandhandle(Walters1914:xiii).Tesestructuralelementsremainpracticallyunchangeddownto
Hellenistictimes.Onlyinthe5thandthe4thcenturiesBCadilerentformofcontainerappearsinsome
typesofClassicallamps.Ithasanadditionalopeningwhichislocatedcentrallyandgoesthroughitsbot-
tom.Itisassumedthatathickstickorarodwasinsertedthroughthisholeinordertomakeitpossibleto
elevatethelamptoahigherlevel,andthustolightagivenareamoreelectively(Bernhard1955:79).Until
theRomanperiod,however,anoillampinitsfundamentalformresemblesarathershortteapot.
IntheHellenisticperiod,this(teapot’shapeacquiresasmallprojectionplacedononesidewallofthe
body(fig.4:A).Atfirsttheseprojectionshavealittleholeinthem,anditusedtobethoughtthatthe
purposeoftheseholeswastoprovideaplaceforholdingtheneedle.Needleswereusedtoregulatethe
sizeofthewickandconsequentlythesizeofthefame.Teywerealsousedtorecovertheremainsofthe
wickafterithadburntout.However,thistheorywasrejectedanditwassubsequentlyassumedthatthese
projectionsonlyservedasasupportfortheforefinger,whilethelampwasbeingcarried.Tisexplanation
appearstobeconvincing,bearinginmindthefactthatmajorityoflampswithsuchprojectionsdonothave
anyhandle(Broneer1930:6-7).
IntheRomanperiodthecontaineracquiresanewform.Teconstantwideningofthelampatthe
shouldersmadeasurfacecalledthediscus(fig.4:B-C),onwhichareliefdecorationwasplaced.Char-
acteristic(wings’,sometimesoccurringofbothsidesofthenozzle,appearonRomanlampsfromthelate
RepublicandearlyEmpire.Teymayhavehadtheiroriginsinsimilarprojectionsfoundonthenozzles
ofHellenisticlamps(Bernhard1955:139).InthevastmajorityofRomanlamps,asmallhole(fig.4:B-C)
appearswherethediscusmeetsthenozzle.Tisholeservedasanairvent,thankstowhichthelampdid
notexplodebecauseofthehotairthatotherwisewouldhavebuiltupinsidethebodyofthelamp(Broneer
1930:9-17).
Tetechniqueofproducingterracottalampsemployedintheancientworldchangedovertime.Wecan
distinguishthreemethodsofproduction.Atfirstlampswereformedbyhand,thentheywereproducedon
apotter’swheel,andfinallytheywereproducedbyusingamould(Bailey1975:3).Tepotter’swheelmade
theprocessoflampproductionmuchfaster.ItwasmainlyusedformakinglampsduringtheClassicaland
Hellenisticperiods(Walters1914:xviiseq.).Alamp,ormoreprecisely,itscontainer,wasmadebymould-
ingtheclayupwardsandtheninwardsonarotatingpotter’swheel.Sotheprocesswasbasicallyidentical
tothefirststepinmakinganyotherformofceramicvesselonapotter’swheel.Acharacteristicfeature
ofalampcontainermadeinthiswayisthelargefilling-hole,whichbecomesrelativelysmallerintheHel-
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