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1.Towardsself-authorship:Fromlisteningtoexternalopinions…17
fromexternaltointernalstandardsisfundamentaltoKegan)stheoryofadult
development(Ashleeetal.,2017-2018).
MarciaB.MagoldaBaxter(2001,pp.16-18)takestheviewthatthefirst
theoryofthetransformationofanadult)sepistemologicalstructureswas
developedbyJoePerryin1970.Teevolutionleadsfromacceptingauthorities)
knowledgetomakingone)sowndecisionsaboutdataclaims.Movingthrough
therelativityofknowledgetomakeindependentcommitmentsaboutwhat
tobelieveandsupportisrelatedmoretoidentitythantonewepistemological
assumptions(MagoldaBaxter,2001,p.16).PatriciaM.B.KingandKaren
S.Kitchener(ascitedinMagoldaBaxter,2001,p.16),thecreatorsofthe
ReflectiveJudgmentModel,mappedouttheevolutionofreasoningwhich
passedfromauthoritydependencetoself-authorship.Subsequently,agroupof
researchers-MaryF.Belenky,BlytheM.Clinchy,NancyR.Goldbergerand
JillM.Tarule(ascitedinMagoldaBaxter,2001,p.16)-observedashiffrom
assimilatingknowledgefromotherstoconstructingitoneself.Teauthors
describedCconstructedknowing),inwhichoneintegratesone)sownexperi-
enceandexternalinformationinordertobuildthebasisofcommitmentsto
oneself,othersandone)scommunity(BaxterMagolda,2001).
Kegan)s(1994)pointofviewwasdilerent.Hestatedclearlythatthe
usageoftheminddoesnotrefertocognitionalone,butrathertothecapac-
ityofhumanbeingstobuildandorganisemeaningintheprocessofthink-
ing,feelingandrelatingtotheselfandothers.Tecoreoftheorganising
principlesoneusestoassignmeaningisthesubject-objectrelationship.
KeganassertsthataspectsofourmeaningconstructingthatareSubjectareby
definitionexperiencedasinvisible,simplyapartoftheself;thesethingscannot
beseenbecausetheyareheldinternally.Yougenerallycannotnamethingsthat
areSubject,andyoucertainlycannotreflectuponthem-thatwouldrequire
theabilitytostandbackandtakealookatthem.Object,ontheotherhand,
istheoppositeoftheSubject.TingsthatareObjectinourlivesarethose
elementsofourknowingororganisingthatwecanreflecton,handle,lookat,
beresponsiblefor,relatetoeachother,takecontrolof,internalise,assimilateor
otherwiseoperateupon.(Bergeretal.,2007,p.1)
Kegan)stheoryofself-evolutioninadulthoodisrootedintheworkofJean
Piaget,anditreflectsaconstructive-developmentaloriginintermsofhow
individualsconstructmeaning-making.Workinthistradition,accordingto