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18Cha
pterI.Apersonastheauthoroftheirowndevelopment
BaxterMagoldaandKing(2007,p.495),ispredicatedonthepremisethat
peopleapproachandinterprettheirexperiencesusingaparticularmean-
ing-makingstructure.Keganemphasisedthatindividualsmakemeaningin
thespacebetweentheirexperiencesandtheirreactionstothoseexperiences.
CIneachmeaning-makingstructure,thereareelementsindividualsareaware
ofandhavecontrolover[whatKegancallsCObject)]andelementsthathave
controloverthem[whatKegancallsCSubject)])(BaxterMagolda&King,
2007,p.495).KegansurveyedthedevelopmentofCconsciousness),understood
asthelevelofmentalitywhereexperiencesareorganisedandinterpreted.Te
authordistinguishedfivelevelsoftheorderofconsciousnessfrombirthto
adulthood,ofwhichthefirstthreeoverlapwiththemainstagesofdevelop-
mentdescribedbyPiaget(Plutchik&Kellerman,1983,pp.118-119;Luken,
2009,pp.90-91).Keganclaimsthatpeoplecanreachthefourthlevel(the
self-authoringmind),andsometimeseventhefifhstageofdevelopment(the
self-transformingmind),inthecourseoftheirlives.However,itisonlyatthe
fourthlevelthatpeoplecantakeanintellectualpositionCseparate)fromtheir
rolesand,asitwere,lookattheirownmentalpositionfromaseparatepoint
ofview.Onlythenwilltheybeabletolookbroadlyenoughtogivetheimages
ofthefuturesomehierarchyandestablishconnectionsbetweentheseimages
andthecurrentstate.Itbecomespossibletofreethemselvesfromthesocial
influencesofparents,friendsandotherauthoritiesandtoconstructtheirvision
oftheworldandthemselves.Teybecomecontrolledfromtheinside(Kegan,
1994;Luken,2009,pp.90-91).AccordingtoKegan,thistransitionfromthe
thirdtothefourthorderofthinkingisthebreakthroughinthetransitionto
adulthood.Asaresultofthisfundamentalshif,individualsachieveanew
identity:self-authorship.TeprocessofgrowthisCliberatingourselvesfrom
thatinwhichwewereembedded,makingwhatwassubjectintoobjectsothat
wecan“haveit”ratherthan“behad”byit)(Kegan,1994,p.34).
BaxterMagolda(2001,2008)advancedKegan)sconstructivedevelopmental
theorybysupplementingitwithepistemological,intrapersonalandinterper-
sonaldimensionsthatconceptualisehowpeopleinterpretandanalysetheir
experiences.Self-authorshipisdefinedasaholistic,meaning-makingcapacity
(Boesetal.,2010,p.4)oraninternalabilitytoconstructone)sbeliefs,iden-
tityandsocialrelations(BaxterMagolda,2014,p.25).CItischaracterisedby
theinternalgenerationandcoordinationofone)sbeliefs,valuesandinternal
loyalties,ratherthandependingonexternalbeliefs,valuesandinterpersonal
loyalties)(Boesetal.,2010,p.4).CSelf-authorshipextendsbeyondcriticalthink-