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Foreword
11
flirtationwiththePolishmonarchistsinthemid-1840s,whendisillusionwith
republicanprospectstookmanyPolishdemocratsintoCzartoryski)scamp,
Beniowski)spoliticalaffiliationswereincreasinglyrevolutionaryandclandes-
tine.IntermittentlyassociatedwithhisoldBritishChartistallies,hesufferedtwo
furthermajordisappointmentsinthefailureofthe1848and1863Polish
revolutions.But-nowaBritishcitizen-totheendofhislife,hisbeliefinthe
possibilityofsocialchangecontinuedtopushhimintonewpoliticalalliances,in
particularintomembershipinthelate1850softheLondonRevolutionary
Collective(GromadaRewolucyjnaLondyn),asocialistorganisationwherehe
workedwithmenlikeZenonŚwiętosławskiandLudwikOborski.Despiteallhis
earlierpoliticalvicissitudes,byhisdeathin1867,hecouldwithjustificationbe
viewedasaGrandOldManofthePolishémigréLeft.
